Opinion
No. 27,846.
Filed January 24, 1944. Rehearing denied February 10, 1944.
1. CORPORATIONS — Actions — Parties — Officers or Agents Need Not Be Joined. — Where defendant is a corporation capable of being sued, it is sufficient to proceed against it in its corporate capacity without joining the officers or agents who must carry out the command to the corporation. p. 248.
2. BANKS AND BANKING — Stockholders — Action to Require Recognition of Party as Stockholder — Officers Not Necessary Parties. — In an action to require a bank to recognize relatrix as a stockholder, officers of the bank are not necessary parties. p. 248.
3. BANKS AND BANKING — Stockholders — Action to Require Recognition of Party as Stockholder — Complaint Disclosing That Demand Would Have Been Useless — Sufficiency. — In an action to require a bank to recognize relatrix as a stockholder, a complaint which alleged facts from which it could be inferred that a demand would have been useless and would have been refused, was sufficient as against a demurrer for insufficient facts even though no demand was alleged. p. 249.
4. APPEAL — Harmless Error — Pleadings — Demurrer to Answer Overruled — Lack of Evidence on Issue. — Where defendants merely alleged the same facts in their so-called cross-complaints as were averred in their answers, and all evidence admissible under the cross-complaints or under the answers to cross-complaints was admissible under the complaint and answers except one answer to a cross-complaint of one defendant which pleaded a pending cause as a bar to the cross-complaint, but no evidence of the pending cause was admitted, there was no harmful error in overruling demurrers to the answers to the cross-complaints. p. 249.
5. REPLEVIN — Judgment — Issues Determined — Right of Possession — Ownership. — Ordinarily, replevin determines only the right of possession, but it may also determine ownership. p. 250.
6. REPLEVIN — Judgment — Issues Determined — All Matters in Issue Adjudicated. — Where there is a demand for possession based on an allegation of ownership and the trial is on the issues generally, a judgment in replevin adjudicates not only the right of possession but the value and all other matters in issue. p. 250.
7. JUDGMENT — Res Judicata — Determination of Matters in Issue — Pleadings and Judgment Examined. — In determining the conclusiveness of a judgment, the matters in issue in the trial wherein it was rendered must be ascertained by an examination of the pleadings and judgment. p. 250.
8. JUDGMENT — Res Judicata — Issues Determined — Matters Which Might Have Been Litigated. — A judgment, if rendered on the merits in a court of competent jurisdiction, will constitute a bar to a subsequent action between the same parties in interest, if it affirmatively appears that the present matters in issue were put in issue and tried in the former case, or might have been completely adjudicated within the issues framed. p. 251.
9. JUDGMENT — Res Judicata — Ownership and Right to Possession of Bank Stock — Adjudication in Replevin Actions — Relitigation Not Permitted. — Where, in relatrix' former action against a bank to replevin a stock certificate, the ownership, right to possession, right of the bank to cancel and the value of the certificate were each and all in issue and adjudicated in favor of relatrix, the bank did not have the right again to litigate those matters in relatrix' subsequent action to require the bank to recognize her as a stockholder. p. 251.
10. ESTOPPEL — Equitable Estoppel — Bank Stock Wrongfully Acquired — Rule Concerning Liability Where Acts of One of Two Innocent Persons Causes Loss Inapplicable. — Where relatrix signed a certificate for stock in defendant's bank in blank and pledged it for her husband's debt, and the trustees of a bank with whom the pledgee bank merged sold it to a person who intervened in relatrix' action to require defendant bank and pledged it for her husband's debt, and the trustees had no right or title to the stock and were not innocent purchasers for value, and had deposited with defendant bank a new certificate in lieu of the one in dispute and were paying the expenses of the litigation, the intervenor could not, as against relatrix, claim the stock under the rule that if one of two innocent persons are to suffer, it will be the one who by his actions made the loss possible. p. 251.
11. EVIDENCE — Relevancy — Negative Evidence — Proof That Bank Stock Had Not Been Pledged. — In an action to require a bank to recognize relatrix as a stockholder, it was not error to permit negative testimony of relatrix' husband that the stock certificate in controversy had not been pledged for any other notes or debts save and except the ones enumerated. p. 252.
12. TRIAL — Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law — Ultimate Facts Sufficiently Found — Effect of Inclusion of Evidentiary Facts. — Where each necessary ultimate fact was either found and stated in the court's finding or the primary facts were such as to lead to but one conclusion from which the court necessarily inferred the existence of the ultimate fact, the finding was sufficient to support the conclusions of law, even though many evidentiary facts were detailed. p. 252.
From the Steuben Circuit Court; Rex S. Emerick, Judge.
Action by the State of Indiana, on the relation of Jennie S. Sanders, against the Angola State Bank to require defendant to recognize relatrix as the owner of five shares of its capital stock, wherein R. Waldo Sheffer intervened and claimed ownership of the stock. From a judgment for plaintiff, defendant and intervenor appealed.
Affirmed.
Wood Wood, of Angola, for appellants.
Hugh G. Sanders and Edgar W. Atkinson, both of Auburn, for appellee.
This is an action by appellee, relatrix against appellant, Angola State Bank, to require the bank to recognize her as the owner of five shares of the capital stock of said bank. The appellant, R. Waldo Sheffer, intervened and claimed ownership of the same stock.
The "special finding of facts" discloses that appellee purchased the five shares of stock in 1927 and received certificate number 33. That in 1929 the husband and son of the appellee borrowed Four Hundred Dollars ($400.00) from the First National Bank of Angola and gave an unsecured note. Later the president of the bank asked for some security for this loan, and appellee signed her name to the form assignment on certificate number 33 and delivered it to her husband who in turn delivered it to the bank, as collateral for this note and for no other purpose. This note was paid in 1930 but the stock was not returned. Later some other loans were made to the husband and son of appellee, but the books of the bank did not show any unpaid loans for which the bank held the stock as collateral. That appellant, R. Waldo Sheffer, was assistant cashier of the First National Bank at the time of the loan and knew the terms under which the stock was placed with the bank. The First National Bank merged with the Steuben County State Bank and under the direction of the State Banking Department the assets of the Steuben County State Bank were separated into two classes, and the certificate number 33 was placed in the undesirable class and turned over to three trustees along with other assets for liquidation for the benefit of the stockholders of the Steuben County State Bank. In the meantime, appellant Sheffer had become cashier of appellant, Angola State Bank, and traded stock of the Steuben County State Bank for the five shares of stock of the Angola State Bank represented by certificate number 33, and thereupon the trustees delivered this certificate to appellant Sheffer. Sheffer then filled in the blanks on the assignment above the name of appellee and turned the certificate over to the appellant bank and received a new certificate for five shares of stock of the Angola State Bank. In 1937, about a year and a half after Sheffer received the stock, the appellant bank started to pay dividends and appellee having heard of the dividends requested information as to why she received none and was informed that she owned no stock, and that the stock then belonged to Sheffer. She then demanded her certificate and upon refusal, she filed an action first against Sheffer and later against the bank, in each of which she claimed ownership of the stock and asked its return. The suit against Sheffer is still pending, but appellee was successful in her suit against the bank and recovered damages in the sum of Forty-five Dollars ($45.00) and judgment that the bank either return the stock or pay its value in the sum of Seven Hundred Fifty Dollars ($750.00). When Sheffer was sued, he went to the three trustees of the Steuben County State Bank and told them of the situation, and they agreed to defend actions against him and the Angola State Bank, to employ and pay for attorneys, costs, and damages, and in addition they turned over another certificate for five shares of stock of the Angola State Bank to the appellant bank. Neither Sheffer nor the Angola State Bank employed attorneys, but this was done by the trustees, who really conducted each case through the attorneys selected and paid by them.
The appellant bank claimed that there was a defect of parties and that the officers of the bank and R. Waldo Sheffer were necessary parties. The rule seems to be that where, as 1, 2. in this case, the defendant is a corporation capable of being sued, it is sufficient to proceed against it in its corporate capacity, without joining the officers or agents who must carry out the command to the corporation. Board of County Commissioners of the County of Leavenworth v. Ralph Sellew (1879), 99 U.S. 624, 25 L.Ed. 333; Wren v. The City of Indianapolis (1884), 96 Ind. 206, § 3-2202, Burns' 1933, § 1091, Baldwin's 1934.
The complaint is also challenged for failing to allege a demand, but an examination of the complaint shows that it does allege facts from which it can be inferred 3. that a demand would have been a useless thing, and from which a refusal could be inferred. That is sufficient, and the court did not err in overruling the demurrer for insufficiency of facts. Lake Erie and Western Railroad Co. v. The State, ex rel. Mushlitz (1894), 139 Ind. 158, 38 N.E. 596; Finerty, Auditor v. State ex rel. Greenwald (1939), 215 Ind. 346, 19 N.E.2d 846.
While questions are raised relative to the overruling of demurrers to answers to cross-complaints, we feel that no harm could have been caused the appellants by these rulings 4. because the cross-complaints were not in effect what the name would imply. The appellants merely alleged the same facts in those so-called cross-complaints as were averred in their answers and all evidence admissible under the cross-complaints or under the answers to cross-complaints was admissible under the complaint and answers. This was true in all except one answer to the cross-complaint of appellant Sheffer. This answer pleaded a pending cause as a bar to the cross-complaint. However, no evidence of the pending cause was admitted and no harm was done, therefore the ruling did not constitute reversible error. Washington Hotel Realty Co. v. Bedford Stone, etc., Co. (1924), 195 Ind. 128, 143 N.E. 156.
The findings disclose that in a prior action the appellee as plaintiff recovered judgment in replevin against the appellant, Angola State Bank. In that action appellee recovered damages in the sum of Forty-five Dollars ($45.00) and was awarded the return of the stock. To avoid paying the value of the stock as fixed in that suit the Angola State Bank turned over the certificate of stock to the appellee and paid the damages and costs.
The appellants here claim that the only thing tried in the court below was the "right to possession" of the certificate and that the certificate is not stock, and that the appellee 5. did not recover any stock or have her rights as a stockholder determined in that action. Ordinarily, replevin determines only the right of possession, but it may also determine ownership. Smith et al. v. Mosby et al. (1884), 98 Ind. 445.
The above case was decided on the authority of Landers et al. v. George et al. (1874), 49 Ind. 309, 321, where this court said:
"Here, as we have already said, the record must be regarded as showing a determination of the ownership and right to the possession of the property, and to allow an averment and proof to the contrary would be to allow the record to be impeached and contradicted, and that too in a proceeding in which the record is used merely to establish a fact found, and where it is attacked collaterally."
Where, as in the instant case, there is the demand for possession based on an allegation of ownership and the trial is on the issues generally, the matter adjudicates not only 6. the right of possession but the value and all other matters in issue. Landers et al. v. George et al., supra.
The matters in issue in a former trial must be ascertained by an examination of the pleadings and judgment. Williams v. Harrison (1920), 72 Ind. App. 245, 123 N.E. 245; The 7. Indianapolis, Decatur and Western Railway Co. v. Center Township (1891), 130 Ind. 89, 28 N.E. 439.
In Burrell v. Jean (1925), 196 Ind. 187, 202, 146 8. N.E. 754, 759, the court said:
"A judgment, if rendered on the merits in a court of competent jurisdiction, will constitute a bar to a subsequent action between the same parties in interest, if it affirmatively appears that the present matters in issue were in the former case put in issue and tried, or might, within the issues framed, have been completely adjudicated."
The pleadings in the former case as shown by the finding in this case disclose that the Angola State Bank pleaded every issue in the replevin suit that it pleaded in the instant case, save and except the one requesting that appellant Sheffer be made a party.
In the former case the ownership, the right to possession, the right of the bank to cancel and the value of the certificate of stock were each and all in issue and adjudicated in favor 9. of appellee. In so far as the Angola State Bank is concerned, it does not have the right to again litigate those matters. Johnson v. Knudson-Mercer Co. (1906), 167 Ind. 429, 79 N.E. 367.
The appellant Sheffer is in a position somewhat different from that of appellant, Angola State Bank, because the evidence of the former trial was, by the court, limited to the appellant, Angola State Bank. However, the appellant Sheffer bases his whole contention on the claim of being a bona fide purchaser for value, and that if one of two innocent persons is to suffer, it will be the one who by his actions made the loss possible.
This claim cannot avail the appellant Sheffer, because the evidence, uncontradicted, and the finding is to the effect that the trustees of the Steuben County State Bank agreed to 10. save both of the appellants harmless as a result of this litigation. Furthermore, they have deposited with appellant bank, an additional or new certificate calling for five shares of stock in the appellant bank and have employed the attorneys and are paying the expenses of the litigation. Under these circumstances we are not confronted with a situation where one of two innocent persons must suffer loss. The loss in this case is being borne by the trustees of the Steuben County State Bank, the very people who sold the stock to the appellant Sheffer, and who had no right or title to the stock in question and were not innocent purchasers for value. Under these circumstances, the appellant Sheffer does not come within the limits of the rule.
Appellants also complain of the action of the court in permitting the husband of appellee to testify that the stock certificate in controversy was not pledged for any other 11. notes or debts save and except the ones enumerated. This was negative evidence and the court did not err in its admission. The appellant also says the court erred in refusing to permit conversations had in the absence of appellee, but no authority is cited for this theory.
The evidence is sufficient to support each finding and while many evidentiary facts are detailed, it is sufficient to support the conclusions of law. Each necessary ultimate fact was 12. either found and stated or the primary facts were such as to lead to but one conclusion from which the court necessarily inferred the existence of the ultimate fact. Young et al. v. Berger (1892), 132 Ind. 530, 32 N.E. 318.
Finding no reversible error the judgment is affirmed.
NOTE. — Reported in 52 N.E.2d 620.