Summary
recording telephone calls without disclosing as much violates Local Rule 83.58.4, which like Rule 8.4(c) prohibits "dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentations"
Summary of this case from In re PRB Docket No. 2007-046Opinion
No. 00 C 2021.
August 23, 2001
Mary Rose Alexander, Sylvia A. Stein, Paula W. Render, Stephen A. Swedlow, Katherine Davis Vega, Amy J. Kappeler, Latham Watkins, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff.
Glenn Greenwald, Greenwald, Christoph Holland, P.C., New York City, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Defendants Matthew Hale, The World Church of the Creator, and the Estate of Benjamin Nathaniel Smith have filed objections to Magistrate Judge Ashman's resolution of this discovery dispute. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(a). Those objections are denied.
The magistrate judge's opinion, Anderson v. Hale, 202 F.R.D. 548 (N.D.Ill. 2001), thoroughly details the factual background, so we only summarize it here. Defendants' counsel recorded telephone conversations with various third party witnesses, without disclosing to those witnesses that they were being recorded. Counsel and his tape-recorder were both in New York. The witnesses, at least some of them, called from Illinois. Plaintiff moved to compel disclosure of these tapes, arguing that this conduct was unethical and therefore vitiated any attorney work-product privilege that may have attached to these recordings, and sought a protective order prohibiting any further recordings. The magistrate judge granted both motions, finding defense counsel's conduct unethical under two separate rules: Local Rule 83.58.4(a)(4), prohibiting "dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation;" and Local Rule 83.54.4, stating "a lawyer shall not . . . use methods of obtaining evidence that violate the legal rights of [another] person."
At the outset, we briefly address the timeliness issue. Defendants did not file their objections within the prescribed period. Nonetheless, we have discretion to consider the objections because this deadline is not jurisdictional. Kruger v. Apfel, 214 F.3d 784 (7th Cir. 2000).
We review the magistrate judge's findings to determine whether they are "clearly erroneous or contrary to law." 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). If the question requires an "unadulterated legal conclusion," we ordinarily perform a "more searching" review. See McFarlane v. Life Ins. Co. of N. America, 999 F.2d 266, 267 (7th Cir. 1993). Moreover, we have the discretion to conduct a de novo review. See United States v. Frans, 697 F.2d 188, 191 n. 3 (7th Cir. 1983). Because this is a purely legal question, and one of tremendous importance, we will review this matter de novo.
The decisive question is whether recording a phone conversation without so disclosing is inherently deceitful. There is a split of authority. Plaintiff, and the magistrate judge, rely on an American Bar Association opinion and its progeny. See ABA Comm. on Ethics and Prof'l Responsibility, Formal Op. 337 (1974) (finding surreptitious recording by attorneys inherently deceitful); 202 F.R.D. at 555 (collecting ethics opinions and cases). A clear majority of jurisdictions, and all the federal courts to consider this issue, agree with this view. Defendants counter with what they describe as "more recent" and "better reasoned" opinions reaching the opposite result. See id. Whether the minority opinions can properly be characterized as more recent is debatable, but largely beside the point. More importantly, the magistrate judge found the majority position better reasoned, and so do we.
Defendants' attacks on the magistrate judge's opinion are unpersuasive. They argue that the plain meaning of the rule does not prohibit surreptitious taping. But the law recognizes, in countless areas, that omitting material facts can be as misleading as affirmative misstatements. Attorneys, as officers of the court, are held to a particularly high standard of candor. This may include volunteering information that is not explicitly requested. That a conversation is being recorded is a material fact that must be disclosed by an attorney. Defendants also argue that modern technology and norms make the 1974 ABA opinion obsolete. The fact that recording conversations is much simpler and more pervasive now does not make it proper. If anything, it makes the need for this rule more compelling. The magistrate judge did not accept the ABA opinion blindly. He addressed each of these arguments, and his reasoning in rejecting them is thorough and logical. We agree with Magistrate Judge Ashman's reasoning in its entirety, and consequently need not repeat it here.
We also agree with the magistrate judge's reference to the Illinois Eavesdropping Act in applying Rule 83.54.4. Contrary to defendants' assertion, the magistrate judge did not apply the statute to counsel directly. Rather, he properly used it to construe the court's rules, to which counsel is indisputably subject.
The magistrate judge's reasoning, once again, is sound. By appearing pro hoc vice, counsel agrees to familiarize himself with and abide by local rules and local law, including substantive law. Regardless of whether this statute is directly applicable to out-of-state recordings, it provides a reference point for what rights must be respected by attorneys practicing here. Illinois has conferred on its citizens a right not to be recorded without their consent. Because surreptitiously recording conversations violates a right recognized in this jurisdiction, attorneys appearing before this court may not do so. We also agree with Magistrate Judge Ashman's analysis of the importance of a level playing field. This court's rules must apply uniformly to all attorneys appearing here, regardless of their offices' location. To permit otherwise is not only illogical, but would interfere with the fair administration of justice, in general, and undermine the purpose of the work product doctrine, in particular.
The fact that counsel may be beyond the statute's reach for purposes of a civil suit is immaterial.
Given the rhetoric in the papers filed with respect to this difficult ethical question, we wish to clarify one last matter. We are applying rules here, not judging character. As the magistrate judge noted, although ultimately unsuccessful, defendants' arguments were reasonable. Defense counsel could have reasonably believed that his conduct was permissible. Although we find that his conduct did violate the rules, our rejection of his position does not equate to an indictment as an unethical person.
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' objections are overruled. Per the magistrate judge's order, they must cease the practice of recording witnesses without consent and disclose any recordings currently in their possession.