Opinion
03-26-1894
AMOS H. VAN HORN, Limited v. COOGAN et al.
Robert H. MeCarter, for complainant. Abner Kalisch, for defendants.
(Syllabus by the Court)
Bill by the Amos H. Van Horn, Limited, a corporation, against Dominick Coogan and another, for an injunction. Heard on pleadings, affidavits, and depositions taken pursuant to order of court Writ granted.
Robert H. MeCarter, for complainant.
Abner Kalisch, for defendants.
VAN FLEET, V. C. This is an application for an injunction to prevent the defendants from fraudulcutly competing in business with the complainant. The complainant is a corporation, and has succeeded to the business, business reputation, and good will of Amos H. Van Horn. Mr. Van Horn is its president. For more than 30 years prior to the complainant's organization, Mr. Van Horn had carried on business in Newark as a dealer in household goods, and had established a large and lucrative trade. Among the articles which he sold for two or three years prior to the time when he transferred his business to the complainant was a cooking stove or range, called "Portland," which was made for him alone, and sold by the manufacturer to no other dealer in Newark. In consequence of extensive advertising, and its qualities, this stove became well and favorably known in the Newark market, and a large number were sold at a handsome profit. For the year preceding the commencement of this suit, the complainant sold over 500. Until the defendants put their stove on the market, no dealer in Newark, except the complainant and its predecessor in its business, had, for some years, dealt in a cooking stove known on the market by the name "Portland." The complainant and defendants are rivals in business. Their places of business are on the same side of the same street, with but one building intervening; the street number of the complainant being 73, and that of the defendants being 77. A few days before the bill in this case was filed, the defendants commenced selling at their store a cooking stove which they had caused to be named "Portland," and which is quite similar in appearance to the stove of the complainant, but which had been previously sold on the market as the "Columbian Dandy." The defendants undersold the complainant, and, when they commenced the competition of which the complainant complains, they advertised their stove by hanging placards and signs in front of their store containing these words: "Famous Portland." "Famous Portland Range Reduced. Has No Equal." They had previously hung out signs in front of their store with the number 73 on them. The complainant insists that they did this for the purpose of deceitfully luring purchasers who were looking for its store into theirs. The special protection for which complainant asks is that the defendants may be restrained from making any use of the name "Portland" which will enable them to palm off their stove on purchasers as the stove of the complainant.
The legal principles which must govern the decision of this case are well established and familiar. The law not only allows, but encourages, fair, open, and honest competition; but while it demands that the markets shall be open and free to all dealers, and that each shall enjoy the utmost freedom in competing, by fair and honest means, with his rivals, it absolutely interdicts each from taking a fraudulent advantage of his rivals, by dealing under false colors, and selling his goods as those of his rival, and thus cheating the public and defrauding his rival. In the words of Mr. Justice Knapp: "Rivalry of that kind is not fair competition. It is closer akin to piracy." Tobacco Manufactory v. Commerce, 45 N.J.Law, 18, 21. As declared by Lord Kingsdown in Leather-Cloth Co. v. American Leather-Cloth Co., 11 H. L. Cas. 523, 538: "The fundamental rule is that one man has no right to put off his goods for sale as the goods of a rival trader, and he cannot, therefore, be allowed to use names, marks, letters, or other indicia by which he may induce purchasers to believe that the goods he is selling are the same goods sold by a rival trader." This is, in substance, the rule laid down by Lord Langdale in Perry v. Truefitt, 6 Beav. 66, and which has been generally adopted by the courts as a correct exposition of the law.
But it is contended that a geographical name, like "Portland," cannot be a trade-mark, nor be so used as to give the dealer who first adopts it an exclusive property in it. This, I think, may be conceded, without impairing in the slightest degree the complainant's right to the protection it asks; for, as was said, in substance, by Lord Langdale, in the case just cited, the question, in cases like this, is not whether the complainant has a property in the name by which his goods are distinguished in the market; but, on the contrary, the pertinent inquiry is, has the defendant a right to use the name by which the complainant's goods are known, for the purposes of deception, and in order to attract to himself that custom which, without the improper use of such name, would have flowed to the complainant? And the answer to the inquiry is that the defendant has no such right. The supreme court of the United States, in Coats v. Thread Co., 149 U. S. 562, 566, 13 Sup, Ct. 966., recently said, speaking by Mr. Justice Brown, that there can be no question as to the soundness of the proposition that, Irrespective of the technical question of trade-mark, one trader has no right to dress up his goods in such manner as to deceive an intending purchaser, and induce him to believe he is buying the goods of a rival trader. "Rival manufacturers may lawfully compete for the patronage of the public in the price and quality of their goods, in the beauty and tastefulness of their inclosing packages, in the extent of their advertising, and in the employment of agents; but they have no right, by Imitative devices, to beguile the public into buying their wares under the impression they are buying those of their rivals." Chief Justice Fuller had in the prior case of Lawrence Manuf'g Co. v. Tennessee Manuf'g Co., 138 U, S. 537, 549, 11 Sup. Ct. 396, announced the same doctrine; and, in stating the grounds upon which it rested, he cited with approval the views expressed by Mr. Justice Bradley in Nail Co. v. Bennett, 43 Fed. 800. The complainant, in the case just mentioned, alleged that it had been engaged for some years in making and selling bronzed horseshoe nails; that the bronzing of its nails constituted a trademark; and that the defendants had recently bronzed the nails which they sold in imitation of the complainants, and were by this means enabled to palm off their nails on the public as the nails of the complainant. The complainant also alleged that purchasers had been deceived and misled into buying the nails of the defendants in the belief that they were those of the complainant. The defendants demurred, insisting that the complainant could not acquire a trade-mark by simply bronzing its nails. In overruling the demurrer, Judge Bradley said: "Whether this [bronzing nails] is in itself a good trade-mark or not, it is a style of goods adopted by the complainant, which the defendants have imitated for the purpose of deceiving, and have deceived the public thereby, and induced them to buy their goods as the goods of the complainant. This is a fraud. * * * The allegation that the complainant's peculiar style of goods is a trade-mark may be regarded as a matter of inducement to the charge of fraud. The latter is the substantial charge." These authorities demonstrate, I think, that the complainant is not bound to show, as an indispensable prerequisite to its right to relief, an exclusive property in the name "Portland," but that its right to the protection it asks must be considered to be fully established if it satisfactorily appears that the defendants have made use of this name as an imitative device for the purposes of deception,—to beguile the public into buying their stove under the belief that they were buying the stove of the complainant. That such was the purpose of the defendants is proved, I think, by their own acts. It is undisputed that they changed the name of their stove from "Columbian Dandy" to the name by which the complainant's stove was known in the Newark market, and under which it had there achieved a renown, and that they then advertised their stove, by signs and placards, as the "Famous Portland Range Reduced;" meaning, obviously and unquestionably, that they were selling, at a reduced price, a range which had become famous in the Newark market under the name "Portland." The truth, however, appears to be that until a few weeks before the commencement of this suit the defendants had never sold a stove by the name of "Portland," and also that, when they first offered a stove for sale by that name, its name had just been changed, so that when they hung out placards, advertising their stove as the "Famous Portland Range," the fact was that their stove was wholly unknown by its new name. It was without reputation or fame, and unknown. The only stove then on the market in Newark which was known by the name "Portland" was the stove of the complainant. These facts will bear but one interpretation. They show that the defendants meant to defraud the complainant by beguiling the public into buying their stove under the belief that they were buying the stove of the complainant.
But the defendants set up another defense. They recriminate. They charge that whatever reputation the complainant's stove acquired on the market has been established by falsehood and deception. They allege that the stove which the complainant calls "Portland," and sells under that name, is in all respects identical with a stove known as the "Canopy," and which has been on the Newark market for a long time, and is now sold by dealers in Newark for less money than the complainant sells its stove for. The charge, it will be perceived, is that the complainant is selling its stove under a false name. There can be no question that a complainant who seeks judicial protection, in a case of this kind, must, to succeed, come into court with clean hands and a pure conscience, nor that it will be the duty of the court to refuse him protection against the fraud of his rival, if it appears that he is himself committing a fraud on the public. No such thing as an exclusive privilege to defraud the public is known to the law, and no man can successfully assert a right to judicial protection for profits derived from a business carried on in such manner as to deceive and cheat the public. The law governing the rights of rival traders is founded in honesty and good sense. It is not intended to protect fraud, but to rebuke and suppress it, and to promote honesty and fair dealing. While the cases so declaring are numerous, only three will be cited: Fetridge v. Wells, 4 Abb. Pr. 144; Wolfe v. Burke, 56 N. Y. 115; Medicine Co. v. Wood, 108 U. S. 218, 2 Sup. Ct. 436. The branch of the defense now under consideration rests on these facts: That the complainant is engaged in selling a stove which was originally named "Canopy," but which, for some years past, the complainant and its predecessor in business have called "Portland," and sold under that name, while other dealers in Newark have sold, and are now selling, the same stove, under its original name, for less money than the complainant does. If this is assumed to be true, how does it show fraud, or furnish evidence of falsehood or deception? There is no law forbidding a manufacturer from changing the name of a stove made by him, provided the change is not made to be used as an imitative device, by which one trader may sell his goods as those of his rival. The proof shows that the practice is quite general among stove manufacturers to make a stove for a single dealer, in one market, by a certain name, and to make the same stove for another dealer,in another market, by a different name. If it had been shown that there was a stove on the Newark market, with an established reputation, by the name of "Portland," superior to the stove called "Canopy," and that the complainant had been engaged in palming off the inferior stove under the name of the superior, the proof of deception would be sufficient to disentitle the complainant to relief. But there is no evidence of that kind. There is no stove now on the Newark market called "Portland," and has not been for years, except those offered for sale by the complainant and defendants. The Buckwalter Stove Company is the only manufacturer that makes the stove called "Canopy." It also manufactures the Portland, sold by the complainant, and is under an obligation to the complainant not to make the Portland for any other dealer in Newark. The Portland and Canopy are not identical. They differ in material respects. The Portland is made with a duplex grate, and the Canopy with a flat grate. The weight of the evidence shows that the former is better than the latter. The Portland is manufactured with a separate base, called a "piano" or "portable" base, on which it is set, and may be lifted off, while the Canopy rests on feet, which are driven or pushed into clinches on its bottom. The Portland has a receiver or pan into which the ashes drop, and the Canopy has not. The Portland is made with ventilated doors, and the Canopy with solid doors. And the Portland has a grate shaker or agitator, and the Canopy has not. Some of the most important of these additions and improvements were made by the direction of the complainant Looking at them in their entirety, it is obvious, as I think, that although the Portland is, in its body, constructed after patterns made for the Canopy, still that the two stoves differ so widely, in important respects, that their maker was fully justified in putting them on the market under different names, and that in doing so no wrong of any kind was committed. In my judgment, nothing has been shown which disentitles the complainant to the relief it asks. An injunction will be granted.