Summary
In Allen v. Williamsburgh Savings Bank, 69 N.Y. 317; Hager v. Buffalo Savings Bank, 64 N.Y. St. Repr. 25, and Sailing v. German Sav. Bank, 27 id. 975, the difference was marked and easily susceptible, and there was no proof that a single test question was put to secure identification.
Summary of this case from Ferguson v. Harlem Savings BankOpinion
Argued April 4, 1877
Decided April 17, 1877
Amasa J. Parker, for the appellant.
D.P. Barnard, for the respondent.
It may be taken as undisputed, that the name of the plaintiff to the order on the defendant is not his genuine signature. If the payment had been made in reliance upon that instrument, and in the absence of agreement as to the mode of making payment, the defendant could not be excused. It would have been bound to know that the signature of its customer was forged; ( The Nat. Park Bank v. Ninth Nat. Bank, 46 N.Y., 77.) If the payment had been made in reliance upon the fact alone, that it was to a person producing the deposit book, the defendant could not be excused; it must appear in addition that there was the exercise of at least ordinary care and diligence. So it was held in Appleby v. Erie Co. Savings Bank ( 62 N.Y., 12.)
It has made rules as to payments, by which it and its customers are to be governed, they being in the nature of an agreement; (ib.) It is not to be excused, until it has shown that it used its best efforts, called for under the circumstances of the case, to prevent fraud. It agreed to do that by those rules. It is true that the plaintiff has agreed to the rules also, and that a part of them is, that all payments made to persons producing the deposit books shall be deemed good and valid payments to depositors respectively. He is to be held to have agreed to it, however, in view of the counter-agreement of the defendant, that it would use its best efforts to prevent fraud. It may hold the depositor to one part of the rule, but it must be held to the other. There is also to be kept in sight the other rule which is connected therewith, prescribing the three ways in which drafts may be made. By the word "drafts" is not meant the instruments in writing commonly known as such, viz.: bills of exchange or orders for money; but the acts or fact of drawing money by the depositor from the funds of the bank. Those three ways were: first, personally; second, by the order in writing of the depositor, if the bank have his signature on its signature book; third, by letter of attorney, duly authenticated. Now it has made payment; but it was not to the plaintiff personally; it was not on the order in writing of the plaintiff, whose signature it had upon its signature book; it was not by letter of attorney duly authenicated. So that it is confined for a justification of the payment, to the operation of the rule that all payments made to persons producing the deposit books shall be deemed good and valid payments to depositors respectively. And relying upon that, it must show also that it used its best efforts to prevent fraud.
The defendant insists that it has shown this, and that it should have been ruled as matter of law by the trial court that it had done so; and that the trial court was in error in submitting any question to the jury.
It relies upon Schoenwald v. Metropolitan Savings Bank ( 57 N Y, 418), as a conclusive authority upon that point.
If it be conceded that it was so held in that case, we think that the case in hand is distinguishable therefrom. In that case special attention is not given to the clause in the rules, that the secretary will use his best efforts to prevent fraud. It is quite likely, that there was in the judgment of the learned court no need to notice it. It seems from the report, that the signature to the order presented, was very much like the genuine signature of the depositor there; that the plaintiff herself testified, that she did not know if it was or not, and that it looked like her handwriting; and could deny that it was her signature, only argumentatively, because she never gave any one a paper like that. The testimony in that case will bear out the remark of the learned commissioner who delivered the opinion: "I do not discover that there was anything in the nature of the transaction to indicate that the order was a forgery, as, upon somewhat questionable evidence, the jury has found." But I am compelled to say, that there are some expressions in the opinion in that case, with which I cannot agree. For instance, that "the bank had the right to make the payment it did, on the simple production of the pass book." Now the depositor there was a female. The person who produced the book was a male. Here was a fact, which at once notified the bank officers that it was not the depositor who applied for payment. It cannot be, that in such case, the bank officers should not be excited to suspicion, and called to the exercise of inquiry and care. Although there was an order for money, in that case, the opinion denies, "that it was at all material to the defendant whether it was a forgery or not." The person producing the book was plainly not the depositor named in it. This was a fact calling for care. How was care to be shown? The book was not a negotiable instrument. Though such an evidence of a right may be assignable by delivery, the delivery must be accompanied with the intent to assign. That intent is not established by the possession of the book merely. An officer, in the exercise of ordinary care, would or should in such a case, ask for further evidence of right to demand payment. The natural and easy evidence to be given, would be the order of the depositor upon the bank, for the payment of money to the holder of the book. So, when an order is required, or is produced with the book without previous requirement, it is a material thing, whether it be forged or not, and the paying agent of the bank is called upon to scrutinize, and compare and verify it. If detected as a forged order, it is not "at least equal to no order at all," for it is, as a forged order, a conclusive proof of an attempted fraud, which the bank has promised the best efforts to prevent.
I do not say that the result reached by the learned commissioner was not a correct one upon the facts of that case, which appear much stronger to sustain him, in the appeal book, than in the report in 57 N.Y. But with the reasoning as above noticed I cannot agree. The officers of savings banks, acting under rules such as those shown to us in this case, are bound to the exercise of care and diligence, up to the mark which is fixed for the bank by those rules. When a person of one sex produces the deposit book issued to one of another sex, it should arrest the attention and excite inquiry. It will be entirely incompatible with a presence of good faith, or of the use of best efforts to prevent fraud, to assert that a payment in such case was believed to be to the depositor personally, and to take shelter behind the clause in the rules, that a payment to the person producing the book shall be deemed good and valid. Payment to a woman producing the book of a man, without an assignment, without proof of delivery, without an order, or letter of administration or testamentary, and merely upon the production of the book, is negligence too gross to be justified or excused. The defendant perceived this, and required an order for the money. It did not rely upon the possession of the book. The inquiry then is, was there anything in the appearance of the order which should have excited the suspicion of the officers of the defendant and incited to further effort to prevent a fraud? Or rather, on this branch of the case, the question is narrower than that, and is: was there in the signature such want of likeness to the signature of the plaintiff in the signature book as made it a question proper to be submitted to the jury? It seems that the three witnesses for the defendant, all agents of it, all more or less concerned in making payments, all stated in their testimony that there was a difference in the signatures, when presented to them in court. Besides that, the court had opportunity of inspecting the two signatures, and forming an opinion whether there was so much or so little room for doubt of genuineness, as to make a question of law for the court or of fact for the jury, on the issue of the exercise of care by the defendant. Here we reach the principle of Appleby v. Erie Co. Savings Bank ( 62 N.Y., 12), upon which the defendant mistakenly relies. There the court had refused to submit the question of the negligence of the defendant to the jury; and the plaintiff was the appellant on his exception thereto. This court held, that it was on the appellant, to establish that error was done on the trial, and that he failed therein, inasmuch as it did not appear that the difference in the signature was so manifest to the trial court on inspection, as to require that question to be submitted. The decision was put very much upon the ground, that this court did not have the benefit which the trial court had, of an inspection of the signatures, and without that could not say but that the trial court on such inspection, failed to discover such difference therein as would sustain an imputation of negligence. In that case too, the person presenting the book was a male, as was the depositor; and made himself the signature, in presence of the paying agent, at the time of payment. He falsely personated the depositor, to the deception of the bank officers. Here the case is different in all respects. The trial court having inspected the signatures, has held that the difference in them was such, as that, in connection with the other circumstances of the case, it was proper to submit to the jury the question of negligence.
The case cited from 15 Abb. (N.S.), 297, Hayden v. Brooklyn Savings Bank, is not applicable. It was tried by a referee, who found, as a matter of fact, that the bank was not negligent, and his judgment, based upon that finding, in favor of the bank, was affirmed.
It being proper to submit the question to the jury, it was not error to charge them, to find whether the defendant had acted up to the rules which it had prescribed for itself and others. The instruction to find whether it had used its best efforts, was no more nor less than that.
The request to charge, that if the defendant exercised ordinary care and diligence, and paid in good faith, it was excused, was properly refused. The defendant had stipulated with the plaintiff to use its best efforts. Unless that phrase has the same meaning, as ordinary care and diligence, it would have been a misleading of the jury to have put the latter to them. And we may not say, that the best efforts of such an institution, through its officers, are the same as its ordinary care and diligence. It is true that the opinion in 62 N.Y. ( supra), does use the last phrase. The contract of the defendant there, did not call for its best efforts; only for its endeavor.
To guard against misapprehension, it is proper to say that we do not mean to declare a new rule. We hold that in the absence of any rules assented to by its customers, a savings bank is to be governed by the same legal principles which apply to other moneyed institutions. When it has prescribed rules, and its depositor has assented to them, they are the agreement, and each party must keep it, to preserve rights against the other. The extent of the duty which the savings bank is under, will in some degree be measured by the strictness or extent of the rule it has put upon itself. Ordinarily, it is bound to the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, which will be a question of law or of fact, as the proofs are conclusive and undisputed, or debatable and conflicting. It may have used terms which will, as in this case, bind it to the exercise of greater care and diligence.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed.
All concur except EARL, J., not voting.
Judgment affirmed.