Summary
recognizing the commission's "broad" authority under various statutes "to protect and safeguard the interests of the public, particularly in respect to health, safety and welfare"
Summary of this case from Utility Service Partners v. Pub. Util. CommOpinion
No. 31247
Decided April 7, 1948.
Public Utilities Commission — Power to temporarily suspend existing order — Section 614-32, General Code, constitutional — Temporary order against supplying natural gas for additional space-heating equipment — Valid exercise of police power — Binding on contracting parties, whether municipalities, corporations or individuals — Municipal corporations — Operation of utilities or contracting for product or service, authorized — Section 4, Article XVIII, Constitution — All contracts subject to paramount rights of public — Valid public regulations read into contracts involving public welfare — Emergency powers of state implied condition of such contracts — Provisions of constitutions inhibiting laws impairing obligations of contract — State power to protect public health or safety, not affected thereby.
1. By virtue of the authority conferred by Section 4, Article XVIII of the Constitution of Ohio, which provides in part that "any municipality may acquire, construct, own, lease and operate within or without its corporate limits, any public utility the product or service of which is or is to be supplied to the municipality or its inhabitants, and may contract with others for any such product or service," municipalities are empowered to operate their own utilities or secure by contract the product or service of other utilities.
2. A contract between a municipality and a privately owned public utility, entered into by virtue of authority conferred by Section 4 of Article XVIII of the Constitution of Ohio, is entered into by such municipality in a proprietary capacity, and in such capacity the municipality possesses the same rights and powers and is subject to the same restrictions and regulations as other like proprietors. ( Travelers Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn., v. Village of Wadsworth, 109 Ohio St. 440, and State, ex rel. White, v. City of Cleveland, 125 Ohio St. 230, approved and followed.)
3. All contracts are subject to the paramount rights of the public, and all contracts the subject matter of which involves the public welfare will have read into them with the same force and effect, as if expressed in clear and definite terms, all valid public regulations then existing or thereafter enacted, essential for the promotion of the health, safety and welfare of the people. The authority of the state to exercise its general police power must be recognized as an implied condition of any such contract.
4. The provisions of the state and federal constitutions, inhibiting laws impairing the obligation of contract, do not affect the power of the state to protect the public health or the public safety. The rights and privileges arising from contract are subject to regulations for the purposes stated in the same sense and to the same extent as is property owned by natural persons or by corporations.
5. Section 614-32, General Code, which provides in part that "the [public utilities] commission shall have power, when deemed by it necessary to prevent injury to the business or interests of the public or any public utility of this state in case of any emergency to be judged by the commission, to temporarily alter, amend, or with the consent of the public utility concerned suspend any existing rates, schedules or order relating to or affecting any public utility or part of any public utility in this state," constitutes a valid delegation of the police power of the state by the General Assembly, and authorizes the Public Utilities Commission in emergency situations to adopt and promulgate temporary rules and regulations, affecting existing contracts of utilities, in the protection of the health, safety and welfare of the public.
6. A temporary and state-wide order of the Public Utilities Commission, which is adopted and promulgated after a hearing and upon a finding that such order is essential to protect the health and safety of the people of the state because of a serious shortage of natural gas for consumption and use by Ohio consumers which shortage is due in part to greatly increased demands of consumers for gas to be used in space heating of homes and which order in part requires that "no distributing utility shall supply or be required to supply natural gas service to any consumer, present or prospective, in the state of Ohio for equipment designed to furnish the source of space heating that replaces other fuels, or for additional space heating," is a valid exercise of the police power of the state and binding on all parties to contracts for the sale and purchase of natural gas, whether municipalities, corporations or individuals.
APPEAL from the Public Utilities Commission.
This appeal was perfected by the city of Akron (hereinafter referred to as the city), from an order of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio made October 3, 1947, relating to the furnishing and sale of natural gas by natural gas companies throughout the state. The appellees are the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio and The East Ohio Gas Company, which company serves the city and its residents and inhabitants, under a contract consummated by the enactment of an ordinance by the city and its acceptance in writing by The East Ohio Gas Company on the 16th day of December 1946, and which contract became effective on the 2nd day of January 1947 and under its terms continuing until November 15, 1950.
The order appealed from includes certain emergency rules and regulations, one of the provisions thereof being that "no distributing utility shall supply or be required to supply natural gas service to any consumer present or prospective in the state of Ohio for equipment designed to furnish the source of space heating that replaces other fuels, or for additional space-heating equipment."
Other provisions of the rules and regulations set forth certain exceptions which and not involved in this proceeding.
The emergency order provides that it should become effective forthwith and that a further public hearing of the matter should be held March 2, 1948.
The city, on behalf of itself and its inhabitants and residents, filed a motion with the Public Utilities Commission asking that the order referred to be dismissed so far as it purported to regulate the supply of gas to the city and its inhabitants, which motion the commission overruled on October 30, 1947.
An application for a rehearing was denied.
This appeal was thereafter perfected and is before this court on stipulations of fact and certain exhibits.
The city's appeal is based upon its claim, as stated in its notice of appeal, "that said order was unlawful and there was error in the proceedings and order of the commission for the reason that the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio does not have any jurisdiction whatsoever to alter or amend a contract entered into between the public utilities and a municipality for the supply of natural gas to the said municipality and its inhabitants and residents where said franchise contract has been accepted in writing by the said public utility and has become effective as a contract."
Mr. Roy E. Browne, director of law, Messrs. Brouse, McDowell, May, Bierce Wortman and Mr. Charles R. Iden, for appellant the city of Akron.
Mr. Hugh S. Jenkins, attorney general, and Mr. Harry G. Fitzgerald, Jr., for appellee the Public Utilities Commission.
Messrs. Jones, Day, Cockley Reavis, Mr. Walter J. Milde and Messrs. Buckingham, Doolittle Burroughs, for appellee The East Ohio Gas Company.
A single question of law is presented by this appeal: Has the Public Utilities Commission jurisdiction and authority to adopt and promulgate emergency rules and regulations which in effect suspend for a limited period the operation of certain terms of a contract duly entered into by a municipality and a public utility for gas to be furnished to the inhabitants and residents of the municipality?
In the stipulations of fact, the city concedes that the supplemental emergency order of the Public Utilities Commission, issued in a proceeding entitled "In the Matter of the Investigation of the Supply of Natural Gas Within the State of Ohio," from which order this appeal is taken, was issued after notice to the public utilities affected and other interested parties and extensive hearings in which full opportunity was afforded the city and other municipalities in Ohio and to the public utilities, which the order affects, to be present, introduce evidence and participate in the hearings.
The city further concedes that the evidence submitted to the commission clearly established that the supply of gas available, through the pipe lines of the natural gas companies operating in Ohio, with minor exceptions, will probably be insufficient during severe weather of the winter to meet in full the demands of consumers; that shortages affecting all classes of consumers are probable; that the probable shortage is due in large part to increased demands in recent years for natural gas principally for heating purposes, plus the inability of the major pipe line companies to extend their facilities; and that "the supplemental emergency order of October 3, 1947, is supported by the transcript of testimony in this case and is a reasonable and necessary regulation in the interests of the health, safety and welfare of the people of Ohio." (Emphasis supplied.)
These stipulations completely eliminate any controversy as to the reasonableness and necessity of the emergency order in question in the interest of the health, safety and welfare of the people of Ohio.
Notwithstanding such concession, the city contends that the supplemental emergency order of October 3, 1947, is unlawful, in that:
1. It interferes with the contract in effect between The East Ohio Gas Company and the city, contrary to Section 4, Article XVIII of the Ohio Constitution, which authorizes such a contract.
2. It impairs the obligation of such contract and is violative of Section 10, Article I of the United States Constitution, and Section 28 of Article II of the Ohio Constitution.
3. It is not authorized by statute so far as the order has any application to alter, amend or interfere with such contract.
Various limitations and restrictions are required by the order of October 3, 1947. The one particularly involved here is that "no distributing utility shall supply or be required to supply natural gas service to any consumer present or prospective in the state of Ohio for equipment designed to furnish the source of space heating that replaces other fuels, or for additional space-heating equipment."
The conditions which the Public Utilities Commission found necessitated the order in controversy were that "the unprecedented demand for gas and the inability of the utilities and their suppliers to' provide facilities to make additional gas available to consumers in the state of Ohio has created an emergency affecting the health, safety and welfare of the people of the state of Ohio which will continue to prevail at least during the coming winter 1947-1948."
The commission stated in its order that the emergency making necessary its action arises in part from the inability to secure sufficient supplies of gas in the Ohio field and the noncompletion of, transmission lines from other fields.
It is stated in the order of the commission that "notwithstanding the restrictions heretofore put into effect by the major utilities with the approval of the commission, and the efforts of such utilities as hereinbefore set forth, and that further restrictions on the sale of natural gas for space heating are necessary, and that it is essential that such restrictions be applicable universally to all gas distributing utilities dependent in whole or in part upon supplies of gas from others, and that such restrictions shall be of uniform operation throughout the state of Ohio."
For the proper enforcement of the regulations prescribed by it, such order provides that "whenever evidence available to the utility reasonably indicates that any consumer has connected gas-fired space-heating equipment which is not under these rules eligible for service from the utility's gas service lines, the utility shall forthwith in writing direct such consumer to disconnect such equipment and discontinue the use of such service, and if such consumer shall fail or refuse to do so within ten (10) days, the utility shall discontinue the entire supply of natural gas to such consumer and shall withhold such supply until such gas-fired space-heating equipment has been disconnected. To insure against reconnection of such space-heating equipment the utility, before re-establishing service to such consumer, shall take such measures as may be deemed practicable and necessary to restrict the flow of gas to quantities required for other than space-heating purposes."
Such order provides further that "failure of any gas distributing utility to abide by and support the provisions of this order shall subject such utility and its responsible officers, agents and employees to the penalties provided by the Public Utilities Commission Act."
The contract between the city and The East Ohio Gas Company was entered into by virtue of authority conferred by Section 4, Article XVIII of the State Constitution, which provides in part as follows:
"Any municipality may acquire, construct, own, lease and operate within or without its corporate limits, any public utility the product or service of which is or is to be supplied to the municipality or its inhabitants, and may contract with others for any such product or service."
Obviously the primary purpose of that provision is to confer power upon municipalities to construct and operate their own utilities or secure by contract the product or service of other utilities.
The power thus conferred is essentially a proprietary power, and it has been held in numerous cases that so far as a municipality acts in a proprietary capacity it possesses the same rights and powers and is subject to the same restrictions and regulations as other like proprietors. Butler, a Taxpayer, v. Karb, Mayor, 96 Ohio St. 472, 117 N.E. 953; Travelers Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn., v. Village of Wadsworth, 109 Ohio St. 440, 142 N.E. 900, 33 A. L. R., 711; State, ex rel. White, v. City of Cleveland, 125 Ohio St. 230, 181 N.E. 24, 86 A. L. R., 1172.
Because of the above-recited concessions made by the city, we have to determine only whether such contract is immune from a valid exercise of the police power of the state in the form of the emergency order adopted and promulgated by the Public Utilities Commission, or whether the emergency police power of the state may be exercised to temporarily suspend certain rights and duties enumerated in such contract.
It is to be observed that we are here dealing with an emergency situation affecting the health, safety and welfare of the people of Ohio. The order of the Public Utilities Commission is general in its provisions and effective throughout the entire state. May it be nullified in the city by reason of the contract with The East Ohio Gas Company?
This question was answered by this court by dismissal of the appeal as of right in the case of City of Cleveland v. East Ohio Gas Co. ( 34 Ohio App. 97, 170 N.E. 586) upon finding no debatable constitutional question was involved. ( East Ohio Gas Co. v. City of Cleveland, 121 Ohio St. 628, 172 N.E. 379.) See, also, Board of county commissioners of Franklin County v. Public Utilities Commission, 107 Ohio St. 442, 140 N.E. 87, 30 A. L. R., 429.
Upon principle and authority, the rule has become firmly established that all contracts are subject to the police power of the state and that when in an emergency the public welfare requires the modification of contractual provisions, the primary question presented is not whether the power sought to be exercised, directly or indirectly, affects the contract, but whether the proposed action is reasonably essential in the interest of the public health, safety, morals or welfare.
It is stated in the text in 11 American Jurisprudence, 978, Section 251, that "the police power has been described as the law of necessity and as being coextensive with, the necessities of the case and the safeguards of public interest. It is the power of self-protection on the part of the community."
The authority of the state, with which we are dealing in this case, must be treated as an implied condition of any contract and as such it is as much a part of the contract as though written into it. The principle seems well established that when the parties are those whose rights and powers were created for public purposes and when the subject of the contract is one which affects the safety and welfare of the public, such contracts are held to be within the supervising power and control of the Legislature when exercised to protect the public safety, health and morals, and that clause of the federal Constitution which protects contracts from legislative action cannot in every case be successfully invoked. The presumption is that when such contracts are entered into it is with the knowledge that the parties cannot, by making agreements on subjects involving the rights of the public, withdraw such subjects from the police power of the Legislature. Chicago, B. Q. Rd. Co. v. Nebraska, 170 U.S. 57, 72, 42 L.Ed., 948, 18 S. Ct., 513; East New York Savings Bank v. Hahn, 326 U.S. 230, 90 L.Ed., 34, 66 S.Ct., 69; Steele, Hopkins Meredith Co. v. Miller, 92 Ohio St. 115, 124, 110 N.E. 648, L.R.A. 1916C, 1023; Ann. Cas. 1917C, 926.
The rule applicable is no better stated than in 8 Ohio Jurisprudence, 379, Section 264, as follows:
"Government is based upon the proposition that certain inherent natural rights of the individual must be surrendered for the common good of all. If this principle were not applied, government could not exist. Thus, while generally speaking, among the inalienable rights of a citizen is that of liberty of contract; such liberty is not absolute and universal. It is one of the prime essentials of the principles of public policy that freedom of contract and private dealings may be restricted by law for the good of the community. It is a corollary to this proposition that all contracts when made are subject to the paramount rights of the public, and that all contracts the subject matter of which involves the public welfare will have read into them with the same force and effect as if expressed in clear, and definite terms, all public regulations then existing or thereafter to be enacted which tend to the promotion of the health, order, convenience, and comfort of the people and the prevention and punishment of injuries and offenses to the public."
"The power 'which in its various ramifications is known as the police power, is an exercise of the sovereign right of the government to protect the * * * general welfare of the people, and is paramount to any rights under contracts between individuals.' " East New York Savings Bank v. Hahn, supra, citing Manigault v. Springs, 199 U.S. 473, 50 L.Ed., 274, 26 S.Ct., 127; Marcus Brown Holding Co., Inc., v. Feldman, 256 U.S. 170, 65 L.Ed., 877, 41 S.Ct., 465.
Following the above quotation in the Hahn case the court added:
"Once we are in this domain of the reserve power of a state we must respect the 'wide discretion on the part of the Legislature in determining what is and what is not necessary.' * * * So far as the constitutional issue is concerned, 'the power of the state when otherwise justified,' Marcus Brown Co. v. Feldman, 256 U.S. 170, 198, is not diminished because a private contract may be affected."
In the disposition of the instant case, we need to apply only the general principles which govern such situation. These are set forth very clearly in 11 American Jurisprudence, 980 and 1002, Sections 252 and 264. It is there stated, in substance, that the general principle arising from the applicable decisions cited is that emergency measures may be valid although temporarily impairing the power to enforce contracts; that conditions may arise in which a temporary restraint of enforcement of a contract may be consistent with the spirit and purpose of the constitutional provision forbidding the impairment of the obligation of contract and may thus be found to be within the range of the reserved power of a state to protect the vital interests of the community; and that the constitutional prohibition should not be so construed as to prevent limited and temporary interpositions with respect to the enforcement of the contracts if made necessary by urgent public needs produced by economic causes.
It is specifically stated that "the police power may be exercised without violating the true intent of the provision forbidding impairment of the obligation of contracts, in directly preventing by a temporary and conditional restraint the immediate and literal enforcement of a contractual obligation, where vital public interests would otherwise suffer."
The constitutional prohibition against state laws impairing the obligation of contracts does not affect the power of the state to protect the public health or the public safety, for rights and privileges arising from contracts are subject to regulations for the purpose stated, in the same sense and to the same extent as is property whether owned by natural persons or corporations.
It seems too obvious to require citation of authority or extended comment upon the proposition that, where conditions of gas shortage give rise to a state-wide emergency such as to compel the concession by the objecting party that the order of the commission "is a reasonable and necessary regulation in the interest of health, safety and welfare of the people of Ohio," the contention that the city and its inhabitants nevertheless are exempted from the operation and effect of such order is groundless.
The Court of Appeals of New York in the case of Twentieth Century Associates, Inc., v. Waldman, 294 N.Y. 571, 63 N.E.2d 177, held that contracts are subject to the police power of the state, and when emergency arises and public welfare requires modification of private contractual obligations in the public interest, the question is whether the legislation is addressed to a legitimate end and the measures taken are reasonable and appropriate to that end, rather than whether legislative action affects contracts incidentally, directly or indirectly.
As stated in the case of Sligh v. Kirkwood, Sheriff, 237 U.S. 52, 59 L.Ed., 835, 35 S.Ct., 501, the police power "is not subject to definite limitations, but is coextensive with the necessities of the case and the safeguards of public interest. * * * It embraces regulations designed to promote public convenience or the general prosperity or welfare, as well as those specifically intended to promote the public * * * health."
Undoubtedly the legislative branch of the state government may confer upon the Public Utilities Commission the powers here sought to be exercised. See Section 614-3 et seq., General Code, and particularly Sections 614-3, 614-8, 614-15, 614-27 and 614-32. The latter section provides in part as follows:
"The commission shall have power, when deemed by it necessary to prevent injury to the business or interests of the public or any public utility of this state in case of any emergency to be judged by the commission, to temporarily alter, amend, or with the consent of the public utility concerned suspend any existing rates, schedules or order relating to or affecting any public utility or part of any public utility in this state."
The powers thus conferred upon the Public Utilities Commission are very broad and comprehend authority for the supervision, regulation and, in a large measure, control of the operation of public utilities; and, therefore, in order to protect and safeguard the interests of the public, particularly in respect to health, safety and welfare, the Public Utilities Commission may adopt and promulgate such orders as are essential to accomplish such purpose.
It being conceded that the order of the commission is supported by the testimony adduced at the hearing before it and that such order is a reasonable and necessary regulation in the interests of the health, safety and welfare of the people of Ohio, we hold it to be a valid and enforceable order effective throughout the state, and, therefore, that the city and its inhabitants are not immune from its operation and effect.
The order of the Public Utilities Commission is accordingly affirmed.
Order affirmed.
WEYGANDT C.J., TURNER, HART, ZIMMERMAN, SOHNGEN and STEWART, JJ., concur.