Opinion
Criminal No. DKC 12-0300 Civil Action No. DKC 16-1487
09-27-2019
JEFFERY ADAMS Petitioner v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Respondent
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Petitioner Jeffery Adams was charged in a six count indictment with (1) conspiracy to interfere with interstate commerce by robbery (9/1/2011-2/1/2012), (2) interference with interstate commerce by robbery (9/20/2011), (3) interference with interstate commerce by robbery (10/7/2011), (4) brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence charged in counts one and three (10/7/2011), (5) interference with commerce by robbery (1/16/2012), and (6) brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence charged in counts one and five (1/16/2012). He pleaded guilty to counts 2, 5, and 6; counts 1, 3, and 4 were dismissed. He now contends that his conviction on count 6 must be vacated, and he should be resentenced on counts 2 and 5. For the following reasons, the motion will be denied.
The original Motion to Vacate Judgment Under 28 U.S.C. §2255 filed May 17, 2016, (ECF No. 125), was stayed for quite some time pending various appellate decisions. Petitioner moved to supplement on July 19, 2019, (ECF Nos. 136, 140), and the stay was lifted. The motion to supplement will be granted. The government responded to the supplemented motion, (ECF No. 163), and Petitioner filed a reply. (ECF No. 168.) --------
Count Six reads as follows:
On or about January 16, 2012, in the District of Maryland, the Defendants, DAVON STEPHON WILLIAMS, JEFFERY LOUIS ADAMS, and ANTONIO LAMONT GAITHERS, a/k/a Antonio Lamont Gathers, did knowingly, intentionally and unlawfully use, carry and brandish a firearm - to wit: a handgun - during and in relation to a crime of violence for which they may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, to wit: conspiracy to commit interference with commerce by robbery, and interference with commerce by robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), as set forth in Counts One and Five of this Indictment and incorporated here.
Count Five reads as follows:
On or about January 16, 2012, in the District of Maryland, the Defendants DAVON STEPHON WILLIAMS, JEFFERY LOUIS ADAMS, and ANTONIO LAMONT GAITHERS, a/k/a Antonio Lamont Gathers, did knowingly and unlawfully obstruct, delay and affect and attempt to obstruct, delay and affect commerce by robbery, as those terms are defined in Title 18, United States Code, Section 1951, in that the Defendants did unlawfully take and obtain property consisting of United States currency in the amount of $88,000.00 more or less and various checks totaling $13,000.00, more or less, from the person and presence of a Garda employee located outside the Bowie Walmart, against the employee's will by means of actual and threatened force, violence, and fear of injury, immediate and future, to said employee
by threatening physical injury and death to said employee.The statement of facts in support of the plea specified in part that:
On January 16, 2012, at approximately 8:02 a.m., a co-conspirator of ADAMS, armed with a handgun, confronted an employee of Garda Cash Logistics when the Garda employee was carrying a money bag containing $88,659.03 in United States currency and $13,337.90 in checks from the Bowie Walmart store to a Garda armored transport vehicle parked in front of the store. . . . The robber pointed his handgun at the Garda employee and demanded the money. The Garda employee complied and the robber ran with the money bag into a white van occupied by ADAMS and other co-conspirators. The van sped away.(ECF No. 89-1, at 1.) Because of recent appellate decisions in the wake of Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2551 (2015), the conspiracy to commit a Hobbs Act robbery charged in count one cannot be a predicate crime of violence for a 924(c) conviction, while the Hobbs Act robbery charged in count five still qualifies. Mr. Adams contends that it cannot be determined categorically that his conviction on count six was not based on count one, and, as a result, that conviction must be vacated. The government disagrees, and argues that the 924(c) conviction was based on both underlying crimes and thus, because one of them still qualifies as a crime of violence, the 924(c) conviction need not be disturbed.
Several district courts in the Fourth Circuit have rejected claims like those made by Mr. Adams. For example, in United States v. Taylor, 2019 WL 4018340 *5 (E.D.Va. August 26, 2019), Judge Lauck concluded that:
Taylor's conviction remains valid after Johnson and its progeny because it was predicated on attempting to aid and abet Hobbs Act robbery charged in Count Six. See United States v. Doyle, No. 2:18cr177, 2019 WL 3225705, at *3-4 (E.D.Va. July 17, 2019)(finding §924(c) conviction valid when based on both conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery and Hobbs Act robbery); cf. United States v. Hare, 820 F.3d 93, 105-06 (4th Cir. 2016)(explaining that "the court need not reach the merits of this argument . . . [because]" a §924(c) conviction predicated on both conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery and in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime is not affected by Johnson.)See also United States v. Porcher, 2019 WL 4014732 *6 (D.S.C. August 26, 2019). Although the Fourth Circuit has not yet spoken on this precise issue, other appellate courts have. See In re Navarro, 931 F.3d 1298, 1302-04 (11th Cir. 2019); United States v. Ventura, 742 F.App'x 575, 578 (2d Cir. 2018).
Petitioner attempts to avoid this result by insisting that it is not appropriate to try to discern whether his 924(c) conviction was premised on one, the other, or both of the alleged predicate offenses, citing United States v. Vann, 660 F.3d 771 (4th Cir. 2011, and United States v. Chapman, 666 F.3d 220 (4th Cir. 2012). He also cites to out of circuit cases, United States v. Horse Looking, 828 F.3d 744 (8th Cir. 2016); United States v. Kennedy, 881 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 2018), and In re Gomez, 830 F.3d 1225 (11th Cir. 2016); and a trial court decision, United States v. Lettiere, 2018 WL 3429927 (D.Mont. July 16, 2018). All of those cases either were answering other questions or presented different circumstances, such as a general jury verdict and not a guilty plea.
While the charging language of count six alleged that the firearm was brandished in connection with both the conspiracy and the actual robbery, there is no ambiguity in the record that the actual robbery in count five supported the firearm conviction. Petitioner pleaded guilty to count five, and the facts unequivocally support that conviction. The guideline calculation for count five explicitly stated that there was no enhancement due to the firearm because he was separately convicted of count six. The plea agreement stipulations provide, with regard to Count Five, that "Because the defendant is also pleading guilty to a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), there is no enhancement for brandishing the firearm, pursuant to U.S.S.G. §2K2.4, comment. n. 2(B)(4)." (ECF No. 89, at 4). Paragraph 38 of the Presentence Report confirmed that position:
In this criminal indictment, Mr. Adam[s] has been convicted of Count Six: Use and Carry a Firearm During and in Relation to a Crime of Violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §924(c). This offense occurred while Mr. Adams was committing the stipulated robbery of the Bowie Walmart and Garda Cash Logistics. . . . Thus, we believe the application of U.S.S.G. §2B3.1(b)(2)(C) would be double counting against the defendant and should not be used to determine the adjusted offense level for this stipulated relevant conduct.(ECF No. 101, at 8 (emphasis added).) The record may also support a finding that the firearm was brandished during and in relation to the conspiracy charged in count one, but that is of no moment. There is no possibility that the 924(c) conviction rests on the conspiracy charge in count one alone. Accordingly, the motion to vacate will be denied.
Pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, the court is also required to issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order adverse to the applicant. A certificate of appealability is a "jurisdictional prerequisite" to an appeal from the court's earlier order. United States v. Hadden, 475 F.3d 652, 659 (4th Cir. 2007). A certificate of appealability may issue "only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Where the court denies petitioner's motion on its merits, a petitioner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that reasonable jurists would find the court's assessment of the claim debatable or wrong. Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000); see also Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336-38 (2003). Upon review of the record, the court finds that Petitioner has not satisfied the above standard. Accordingly, a certificate of appealability will not issue.
/s/_________
DEBORAH K. CHASANOW
United States District Judge