Opinion
Civ. No. 274.
April 29, 1907.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Joaquin County. Frank H. Smith, Judge.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Nicol Orr, and J. M. C. Murphy, for Appellant.
Louttit Middlecoff, for Respondent.
This action was brought in replevin to recover one hundred and eighty-six and three-fourths sacks of dried apricots or their value in case a delivery could not be had, together with damages for their detention. When plaintiff rested, a motion for nonsuit was made and the court granted the motion "solely for the reason that the court feels bound by the decision of the Appellate Court for the Third District rendered on the prior appeal in this cause, to hold that plaintiff and defendant are tenants in common of the property described in the complaint, and that this court should grant a nonsuit on such grounds."
In the decision by this court on the former appeal it was held that "While the agreement set out and under which the parties were operating is called therein a lease, yet under the authority of Bernal v. Hovious, 17 Cal. 542, [79 Am. Dec. 147], it must be deemed only a cropping contract, and the parties are cotenants in the fruits raised during the time of the contract, and each has an equal right with the other to the possession of the whole of said fruit, and, under the general rule, neither can maintain a suit against the other for the possession of the fruit," and the judgment was reversed on the ground that the motion for a nonsuit should have been granted.
It is claimed by respondent that the aforesaid decision of this court is the law of the case and that we must affirm the action of the trial court in granting the nonsuit in consonance with the mandate of the appellate court.
Among the decisions declaring the effect and scope of such a judgment as bearing upon the subsequent history of the litigation, the cases of More v. Calkins, 95 Cal. 436, [29 Am. St. Rep. 128, 30 P. 583], and McGraw v. Friend Terry Co., 133 Cal. 589, [ 65 P. 1051], are directly in point. In the former, as we find in the syllabus, it is held that "The construction placed upon a deed of trust by the Supreme Court in its decision reversing the judgment and remanding the case for a new trial . . . is the law of the case and the question of its correctness will not be considered upon a second appeal."
And so here, we cannot call in question the construction placed by this court in the former appeal upon the written contract between the parties. We are bound to hold that it constituted a cropping contract, and that by virtue of its provisions the parties became tenants in common in and to all the fruit produced, which was the subject matter of said contract.
The only remaining question is whether the determination by the appellate court that claim and delivery would not lie in view of the evidence disclosed by the record and that the nonsuit should have been granted at the former trial precludes us from any inquiry into the evidence taken at the second trial to find the absence of support for the action of the court in granting the motion for a nonsuit. The proper solution of this question depends upon the consideration whether the evidence was the same or substantially the same at both trials. In the McGraw case, supra, it is said that "in an action for negligence a motion for a nonsuit on the ground that the evidence for the plaintiff establishes his contributory negligence, so as to preclude a recovery, raises a question of law; and the decision upon a former appeal, that a nonsuit should have been granted upon that ground, is the law of the case upon a second appeal when the evidence for the plaintiff does not warrant a different conclusion." And in Sharon v. Sharon, 79 Cal. 633, [22 P. 26, 131], it is said that "The rule has no application when the facts presented on the second appeal are materially different from those on which the decision was rendered." (Citing Nieto v. Carpenter, 21 Cal. 454; Meeks v. Southern Pacific R. R. Co., 56 Cal. 513, [38 Am. Rep. 67]; Cross v. Zellerbach, 63 Cal. 623, and Dodge v. Gaylord, 53 Ind. 365.)
Turning to the record before us we find the evidence at the latter trial materially different from that at the former. One important circumstance is disclosed which was not presented before. This constitutes a significant feature which cannot be ignored in the determination of the question whether the action can be maintained between tenants in common. It is this: After the fruit was cured and packed, it was divided into two equal parts of the same grade and value and placed in separate piles in the house occupied by plaintiff. In view of this distinction between the two trials was the court below justified in granting the motion for a nonsuit? The plaintiff testified: "I was in the occupation and possession of those lands during the year 1902 and had been for two years prior thereto. I had been farming them and caring for orchards thereon. I know the fruit that is mentioned in the complaint. It was grown on that orchard during the year 1902. I picked, cut, dried and cured it. When it was cured I sacked it in fruit sacks secured and paid for by me. After it was cut, cured and sacked I divided it into two equal parts and piled it in a house on the premises occupied by me. There was a division of the dried fruit into separate piles, each pile having a separate letter. The sacks were all of the same weight and the same value. They were piled so that each pile was distinguishable from the other. After the fruit had been divided and piled as I have stated, I offered to deliver Mr. Thornton the one-half thereof. He refused to accept it. After I had offered to deliver it to him and while I was away, he came and took all the fruit and hauled it away. I never got possession of any of it again. . . . I demanded the return of it, and Thornton refused to return it. From the time it was picked it remained in my possession until it was taken away by Thornton."
In Balch v. Jones, 61 Cal. 237, it is said: "An action of replevin or of claim and delivery of the common property is not maintainable by one tenant in common against another, nor is trover, unless there has been such a loss, destruction or disposal of the property as amounts to a conversion; or the property is divisible in its nature and ascertainable by measurement, weight or count. In such a case a tenant in common may demand of his cotenants, having possession of the whole, his share, and on a refusal or conversion, he may sue in trover."
In Wattles v. Dubois, 67 Mich. 313, [34 N.W. 672], it is held that "the refusal by a tenant to deliver to his landlord his half of the unthreshed grain grown on the leased premises, is a waiver of the tenant's right to possession for the purposes of such delivery, and the landlord has a right to the immediate possession of his half and may maintain replevin therefor."
Here, it will be observed, the defendant refused to accept his one-half which plaintiff offered to deliver.
In Sutherland v. Carter, 52 Mich. 473, [18 N.W. 224], the court said: "The plaintiff was tenant in common of the grain, and after it was threshed she was entitled to her one-half thereof and it was Carter's duty to deliver it to her when she demanded it upon the farm. It was her property, and the action will lie in such a case under the facts found in this record." (Citing a large number of cases.)
In Morgan v. Hedges, 4 Colo. 531, this language is used: "The stipulations in the articles of agreement that appellant, Morgan, should sell the products of the ranch and keep a full account of all receipts and disbursements, involves an agreement for their possession to that end. Where tenants in common of chattels agree that one shall have exclusive possession of the chattels, the tenant so entitled may maintain replevin against his cotenant."
In the case at bar the agreement provided for the possession of the fruit by plaintiff and his delivery of one-half of the dried fruit to defendant. (See, also, Newton v. Gardner, 24 Wis. 232.)
In Hurff v. Hires, 40 N.J.L. 588, [29 Am. Rep. 282], it is declared: "There is a clear and well-settled distinction between the individual rights of several parties in goods of uniform kind and quality, and in those in which there is no uniformity in these respects. It is recognized in cases of a cotenancy of personal property, readily divisible, by weight or measurement, into portions absolutely alike in quality and value. In such cases, either tenant may take his proper proportion, and it will be regarded as a proper severance so long as he does not take more than his share; but the rule is otherwise in case of property not severable; in that event, the partition must be by agreement, or proceeding in equity."
In Cobbey on Replevin, section 238, the rule is stated as follows: "An action will not lie for an undivided interest in a chattel, nor can such tenant in common sue alone as against a stranger in possession. The plaintiff must have a right to a whole and entire interest. A different rule prevails where the property can be separated into aliquot parts, and the interest is easily separable, as one-third of sixty bushels of wheat. Where corn in a single pile or crib, owned by two tenants in common, is in the exclusive possession of one of such tenants, but both being equally entitled to the possession thereof, the other joint owner, if his cotenant refuses a division when properly demanded, may recover his portion of the grain by replevin."
"Replevin will lie for separate and distinct articles capable of identification and not undivided portions of separate lots." ( Phipps v. Taylor, 15 Or. 484, [16 P. 171].)
It would seem that in the present instance the evidence brings the plaintiff clearly within the exception to the general rule that one tenant cannot maintain an action for replevin against his cotenant. All the property under the agreement was rightfully in the possession of plaintiff. He had divided it equally and one part belonged to him. He offered to deliver to defendant the portion to which he was entitled, and defendant refused to accept it. During the absence of plaintiff defendant comes and takes all the property and refuses to surrender the one-half when it is demanded of him. If these facts do not show cause to institute the action, it is difficult to conceive what would be sufficient. It is well settled that a motion for a nonsuit is in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence, that the evidence must be viewed most favorably for the plaintiff, and if it tends to prove all the material allegations of the complaint the motion should be denied. It may be admitted that the testimony of plaintiff at the former trial is not altogether consistent with his testimony at the latter, but the question of the credibility of the witness is not involved here, and it is to be remembered that the want of harmony in the testimony of a witness at two separate trials may of itself render inapplicable the doctrine of "the law of the ease."
No doubt the learned trial judge would have denied the motion if he had not felt constrained by the former decision in the case, but we think the evidence is materially different and hence that the motion should have been denied.
The judgment is reversed.
Chipman, P. J., and Hart, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on May 28, 1907, and the following opinion was then rendered thereon:
Respondent's petition for a rehearing seems to proceed upon the theory that the affirmative defense set up in the answer was established at the trial. The truth is that plaintiff was the only witness examined and his evidence tended to prove the allegations of the complaint and not any allegation of the answer inconsistent therewith. Upon the trial of all the issues in the case it may be that defendant will be entitled to judgment, but we still think that the motion for a nonsuit was improperly granted. We are not inclined to the view that we should not consider the contention that the law of the case is not applicable because the point was not raised in the opening brief. We see no reason why we should not consider it, though it was made, not in anticipation of defendant's argument but in answer thereto.
The petition for a rehearing is denied.
Hart, J., and Chipman, P. J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on June 24, 1907.