To further the goal of self-governance, the Covenant provides that Articles I, II, III and Sections 501 and 805 of the Covenant cannot be modified without mutual consultation and agreement between the CNMI and United States Government. A E Pacific v. Saipan Stevedore, 888 F.2d 68, 71 (9th Cir. 1989). Finally, section 902 of the Covenant sets forth provisions for regular consultations between the two governments, "[a]t the request of either Government, and not less frequently than every ten years."
A & E Pac. Constr. Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Co., 888 F.2d 68, 71 (9th Cir. 1989). Either on a complaint filed by a private party, 46 U.S.C. ยง 41301(a), or its own motion, the FMC may investigate alleged violations of the Shipping Act, id.ยง 41302.
Thus, while no private party may sue for damages or for injunctive relief under the antitrust laws for conduct falling within the purview of the Act, the FMC is empowered to order reparations, including double damages, to impose sanctions and penalties for prohibited conduct, and to file suit in federal district court against the offending party. A & E Pacific Construction Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Co., 888 F.2d 68, 71 (9th Cir.1989). Moreover, agreements between common carriers under the Shipping Act of 1916, once approved by the FMC are exempt from the antitrust laws. U.S. Lines, Inc. v. Federal Maritime Commission, 584 F.2d 519 (D.C.Cir.1978).
Regulation under the 1916 Act thus preserved some anti-competitive prohibitions. See id.; A E Pacific Const. Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Co., Inc., 888 F.2d 68, 71 (9th Cir. 1989); Plaquemines, 838 F.2d at 542-43. Nonetheless, regulated firms did enjoy the real benefit of operating outside the full strictures of federal antitrust laws.
To further the goals of self-governance, the Covenant provides that Articles I, II, and III and Sections 501 and 805 of the Covenant cannot be modified without mutual consultation and agreement between the CNMI and the United States government. A E Pacific Const. Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Co., 888 F.2d. 68, 71 (9th Cir. 1989). As this court has previously stated:
See, e.g., Hillblom v. United States, 896 F.2d 426 (9th Cir. 1990); A E Pac. Constr. Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Co., 888 F.2d 68 (9th Cir. 1989). Indeed, the legal question we now face was previously before the district court when the CNMI government resisted an audit by the Inspector General in 1989.
Thus, "while no private party may sue for damages or for injunctive relief under the antitrust laws for conduct [prohibited by the Shipping Act], the FMC is empowered to order reparations, including double damages, to impose sanctions and penalties for prohibited conduct, and to file suit in federal district court against the offending party." A & E Pac. Const. Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Co., 888 F.2d 68, 71 (9th Cir. 1989). The Shipping Act is undeniably silent on the availability of private remedies under state law.
Maritrend, 152 F.R.D. at 555. Id. (quoting A & E Pacific Construction Co. v. Saipan Stevedore Company, Inc., 888 F.2d 68, 72 n.6 (9th Cir. 1989)). Minto contends that the court should not dismiss Count II because Minto's complaint also seeks injunctive relief which the "FMC is not authorized to grant."