Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. DAF-12-2374 CRIMINAL NO. 1:08-00381-DAF-2
10-19-2016
CALVIN WRIGHT v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This Order is amended solely to correct the case numbers.
By Judgment Order entered on September 30, 2016, the court DENIED Wright's "Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a Person in Federal Custody," pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. (ECF 556). The reasons for that decision follow.
I. Background
Calvin Wright was charged in four counts of a five-count superseding indictment charging him with conspiracy to distribute heroin and cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, (Count One); possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii), (Count Three); being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), (Count Four); and possession with intent to distribute heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (Count Five). See ECF No. 321.
After a thirteen-day jury trial, Wright was found guilty on all counts. See ECF No. 382. Wright was sentenced to a total term of imprisonment of 420 months, consisting of 360 months on Count One, 120 months on Count Four, and 240 months on Count Five, all of which were to run concurrently, as well as a term of 60 months on Count Three to run consecutively to the other counts. See ECF No. 425.
On August 8, 2012, Wright filed the instant motion under § 2255, alleging three grounds for relief. First, Wright contends that his conviction on the conspiracy count was obtained in violation of due process of law. As for his second ground for relief, Wright claims that his trial counsel was ineffective in apprising him of the elements of the offense and the resulting burdens of proof and that this failure on the part of counsel led him to reject the government's plea offer. Finally, Wright argues that Count One is duplicitous and that the unanimity of the jury's verdict is at issue. Wright concedes that he did not raise the first or third grounds for relief on direct appeal but contends that appellate counsel did not follow his instructions to do so.
With respect to Ground One, Wright contends that "Appellate Counsel did not follow my instructions. Accordingly, any failure to raise this issue should be viewed as ineffective assistance of appellate counsel." ECF No. 556 at p.5. As to Ground Three, Wright does not explain why the issue was not raised on appeal but once again states that "[f]ailure to raise this claim should be viewed as ineffective assistance of counsel." Id. at p.8.
This matter was originally assigned to Judge Ellen Lipton Hollander who appointed counsel to represent Wright so that an evidentiary hearing might be held on Count Two. The government called into question the existence of the plea offer which Wright said he rejected. The lead prosecutor for Wright's case was the Honorable George J. Hazel, a United States District Judge for the District of Maryland and, therefore, one of Judge Hollander's colleagues. Upon confirming that Judge Hazel might be called upon to testify in this matter, Judge Hollander recused herself from further consideration of the claims herein and the undersigned was assigned to Mr. Wright's case.
An evidentiary hearing was held on January 6, 2016, and March 1, 2016. On the first day of the hearing, the plea offered to Wright was admitted into evidence. See ECF No. 622. Under the terms of the plea agreement, Wright would agree to plead guilty to one count of Conspiracy to Distribute and Possess with Intent to Distribute One Kilogram or more of Heroin, violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. See id. The plea agreement informed Wright that by pleading guilty he faced a maximum statutory penalty of life imprisonment. See id. However, the plea agreement minimized Wright's sentencing exposure as it was one under Rule 11(c)(1)(C), whereupon the parties agreed to a sentencing range of 180-240 months. See id. With respect to the sentencing guidelines, the plea agreement also contained a stipulation of facts whereby Wright would agree that the government could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the amount of heroin involved in the conspiracy was at least three but less than ten kilograms. See id. In return for Wright's plea of guilty, the United States agreed to recommend a sentence between 180 and 240 months imprisonment. See id. Wright did not accept the government's plea offer.
Use of the term "plea agreement" is not meant to suggest that Wright ever accepted the plea offered by the government.
II. Legal Standard
Wright acknowledges that he failed to raise Grounds One and Three on direct appeal but contends that, in failing to do so, his appellate counsel was ineffective. Accordingly, all three grounds for relief are essentially ineffective assistance of counsel claims. The standards established by the United States Supreme Court in determining whether a defendant was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel are set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Under Strickland, a plaintiff must show (1) that counsel's performance was so deficient that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that counsel's deficiency resulted in prejudice so as to render the results of the trial unreliable. Id. at 687-91. Counsel's performance is entitled to a presumption of reasonableness. Id. Thus, a habeas plaintiff challenging his conviction on the grounds of ineffective assistance must overcome a strong presumption that the challenged actions constituted sound trial strategies. Id. at 689. The Court in Strickland cautioned against the ease in second-guessing counsel's unsuccessful assistance after the adverse conviction and sentence are entered. Id. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals specifically recognized that ineffective assistance of counsel may not be established by a "Monday morning quarterbacking" review of counsel's choice of trial strategy. Stamper v. Muncie, 944 F.2d 170, 178 (4th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1087 (1993).
Under the second prong of Strickland, a petitioner must show that the errors were "sufficiently serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Furthermore, a court may address the two prongs in any order and a failure to establish one prong obviates a need to address the other. Id. at 697 ("Although we have discussed the performance component of an ineffectiveness claim prior to the prejudice component, there is no reason for a court deciding an ineffective assistance claim to approach the inquiry in the same order or even to address both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one. In particular, a court need not determine whether counsel's performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies. The object of an ineffectiveness claim is not to grade counsel's performance. If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect will often be so, that course should be followed. Courts should strive to ensure that ineffectiveness claims not become so burdensome to defense counsel that the entire criminal justice system suffers as a result.").
The Supreme Court has held that a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel extends to the plea-bargaining process. Missouri v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399, 1405-06 (2012). However, the Court has also made clear that a defendant has "no right to be offered a plea . . . nor a federal right that the judge accept it." Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1387 (2012) (quoting Frye at 1410). "In Lafler v. Cooper, the Supreme Court held that defendants have a right to effective assistance of counsel during the plea-bargaining process, which includes counsel's advice that leads to an offer's rejection." United States v. Dailey, Civil No. 3:12-cv-362, 2013 WL 1768053, *4 (E.D. Va. Apr. 24, 2013) (citing Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. , 1384-85 (2012)).
In assessing counsel's performance in advising a defendant on a plea agreement, "the Fourth Circuit has held that the professional norms surrounding plea negotiations require defense counsel to do the following: 1) notify the client of a plea offer; 2) advise the client of the option to proceed to trial; 3) present the client with the probable outcomes of both the guilty and sentencing phases of each alternative; and 4) permit the client to make the ultimate decision."Id. (quoting Clark v. United States, No. 07cr281, 2012 WL 253436, at *2 (D. Md. Jan. 26, 2012)). Ineffective assistance of counsel may be shown if trial counsel provides "gross misadvice" regarding a defendant's "sentencing exposure" and, "but for this gross misadvice, there is a reasonable probability that [defendant] would have accepted the plea agreement[.]" United States v. Merritt, 102 F. App'x 303, 307 (4th Cir. 2004); see also Magana v. Hofbauer, 263 F.3d 542, 547-48 (6th Cir. 2001) (requiring that movant show deficient performance and that, but for counsel's advice, he would have pled guilty); United States v. Gordon, 156 F.3d 376, 379-81 (2d Cir. 1998) (per curiam) (recognizing ineffective assistance of counsel claim where counsel's gross misadvice regarding potential sentencing exposure caused defendant to reject plea offer); United States v. Day, 969 F.2d 39, 42-43 (3d Cir. 1992) (same).
To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test in the context of plea negotiations, a petitioner must demonstrate a reasonable probability that: (1) he would have accepted a plea offer but for counsel's ineffective assistance; (2) the plea would have been entered without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court refusing to accept it; and (3) the plea would have resulted in a lesser charge or a lower sentence. Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1384-85.
A criminal defendant's right to effective assistance of counsel also requires that counsel be provided for the direct appeal of a criminal conviction. Bell v. Jarvis, 236 F.3d 149, 164 (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc)
In applying the [Strickland] test to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on
appeal, however, reviewing courts must accord appellate counsel the presumption that he decided which issues were most likely to afford relief on appeal. Counsel is not obligated to assert all nonfrivolous issues on appeal, as there can hardly be any question about the importance of having the appellate advocate examine the record with a view to selecting the most promising issues for review. Indeed, winnowing out weaker arguments on appeal and focusing on those more likely to prevail, far from being evidence of incompetence, is the hallmark of effective appellate advocacy. Although recognizing that notwithstanding Barnes, it is still possible to bring a Strickland claim based on counsel's failure to raise a particular claim on direct appeal, the Supreme Court has recently reiterated that it will be difficult to demonstrate that counsel was incompetent. Generally, only when ignored issues are clearly stronger than those presented, will the presumption of effective assistance of counsel be overcome.Id. (internal citations and quotation omitted).
As our court of appeals has elaborated, "a discussion with the defendant regarding a direct appeal and what issues to pursue (if any) is critical, as `multiplying assignments of error will dilute and weaken a good case and will not save a bad one.'" Frazer v. South Carolina, 430 F.3d 696, 705 (4th Cir. 2005) (quoting Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 752 (1983)).
III. Analysis
Ground One - Error in Instructions and Verdict Form
As his first ground for relief, Wright contends that his conspiracy conviction was obtained in violation of the Fifth Amendment right to due process of law. According to Wright, "drug type and quantity must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt before a jury can return a guilty verdict on an aggravated drug trafficking offense." ECF 556-1 at p.6. As to why he did not raise this issue on direct appeal, Wright contends that his appellate counsel did not follow his instructions to raise the issue.
Wright's first ground for relief is without merit. Contrary to Wright's assertions, drug type and quantity were submitted to the jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
The trial court's instructions to the jury were:
In a drug distribution case, if the jury finds that the government has proven a defendant guilty of the conspiracy, then the jury must determine beyond a reasonable doubt what kind or type of drug, and what quantity of drug is attributable, or are attributable to the defendant under consideration.ECF No. 565-8 at p. 85. The court then went on, in great detail, to give further instructions as to how the jury should go about "determining the type and quantity of controlled substance to attribute to a particular defendant." Id. at pp. 85-88.
The Verdict Form in the underlying criminal case plainly put the matter of drug type and quantity on Count One before the jury. See ECF No. 382. It read as follows: "On Count One of the Indictment charging Calvin Wright with conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance, how do you find the defendant:" Not Guilty or Guilty. Id. The jury indicated that it found Wright Guilty. See id. Section 2(A) of the Verdict Form stated:
If you find Calvin Wright guilty of Count One of the Indictment, do you find that he conspired to distribute a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin?
The jury checked "Yes" on the Verdict Form. The Verdict Form went on to ask the jury, "[i]f you answered yes to 2.A, what quantity of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin do you find attributable to Calvin Wright?" Id. The jury was given three choices: (a) 1 kilogram or more; (b) More than 100 grams but less than 1 kilogram; or (c) Less than 100 grams. See id. The jury indicated that it found 1 kilogram or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin attributable to Wright. See id. As to Count One, the jury further indicated on the Verdict Form that "Yes", it found Calvin Wright "conspired to distribute a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine." Id.__________
Yes
__________
No
To the extent that Wright's claim is that the Verdict Form was incorrect in that it asked for a finding of guilt prior to establishing the drug weight, that objection is without merit. Interrogatories to establish the types and amounts of drugs involved in a drug conspiracy, such as were used herein, are entirely appropriate. See, e.g., United States v. Walters, 350 F. App'x 826, 829-30 (4th Cir. 2009). Furthermore, Wright did not object to the Verdict Form during the charge conference. See ECF No. 480 at pp. 57-67. Ordinarily, a failure to object contemporaneously to a verdict form waives the issue. However, in criminal cases, "[a] plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the court's attention." Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see also Walters, 350 F. App'x at 830 ("Next, the defendants challenge the district court's jury instruction on the conspiracy charge. Because this argument was not raised at trial, our review is for plain error."). In this case, for the reasons discussed above, there is no error in the verdict form, plain or otherwise.
Given the foregoing, it is clear that Ms. Skelton was not ineffective in failing to raise this claim on appeal. Therefore, her performance was not ineffective under Strickland because Wright cannot show prejudice for her failure to raise a clearly frivolous argument. Accordingly, the first ground advanced by Wright in his § 2255 motion does not merit habeas relief. Ground Three - Duplicity of Count One
Wright's also argues that Count One is duplicitous and calls into question the unanimity of the jury verdict. Specifically, he contends that Count One charges two different conspiracies - i.e., a conspiracy to distribute heroin and a separate conspiracy to distribute cocaine. Acknowledging that he failed to raise the issue on direct appeal, Wright argues that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise it.
"[D]uplicity is the joining in a single count of two or more distinct and separate offenses." United States v. Burns, 990 F.2d 1426, 1438 (4th Cir. 1993) (quoting 1 Charles A. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure § 142, at 469 (2d ed. 1982)). "When the indictment on its face presents more than one conspiracy in a single count, such a count is improper, as it is considered duplicitous." United States v. Eury, Nos. 1:14CR39-1, 1:14CR39-5, 2015 WL 1861807, *5 (M.D.N.C. April 23, 2015) (citing United States v. Jackson, 926 F. Supp.2d 691, 700-01 (E.D.N.C. 2013)). As our appeals court has stated:
The overall vice of duplicity is that the jury cannot in a general verdict render its finding on each offense, making it difficult to determine whether a conviction rests on only one of the offenses or on both. Adverse effects on a defendant may include improper notice of the charges against him, prejudice in the shaping of evidentiary ruling, in sentencing, in limiting review on appeal, in exposure to double jeopardy, and of course the danger that a conviction will result from a less than unanimous verdict as to each separate offense.United States v. Kamalu, 298 F. App'x 251, 254 (4th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Duncan, 850 F.2d 1104, 1108 n.4 (6th Cir. 1988) abrogated on other grounds by Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624 (1991)).
The Kamalu court goes on to explain that "two or more acts, each of which would constitute an offense standing alone and which therefore could be charged as separate counts of an indictment, may instead be charged in a single count if those acts could be characterized as part of a single, continuing scheme." Id. (citations omitted); see also United States v. Kernodle, 367 F. Supp. 844, 851 (M.D.N.C. 1973) ("An agreement to commit several crimes is but one offense even though one or more means are alleged to have been used to complete the conspiracy. It is well settled that it is permissible to charge a conspiracy to commit several crimes, all in one count of an indictment without it being duplicitous.") (internal citations omitted). "Moreover, a duplicitous count is not to be dismissed unless it causes prejudice to the defendant." Id. (citations omitted).
With respect to duplicity challenges where an indictment alleges possession with intent to distribute more than one type of drug, this court has noted:
The rule against duplicity "does not prevent an indictment from alleging more than one act in a single count if the acts are part of a continuous course of conduct." See United
States v. Smith, 373 F.3d 562, 563-68 (4th Cir. 2004) (explaining that only one of the listed offenses needed to be demonstrated for the defendant to be convicted on the count because the offenses were part of a larger and "continuous scheme"). In a case factually similar to Petitioner's, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit succinctly explained why counts alleging possession with intent to distribute more than one type of drug are not duplicitous, noting that the charges are for "one offense, conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance, in two ways, with marijuana and methamphetamine." U.S. v. Moore, 184 F.3d 790, 793 (1999). In the case at hand, Petitioner was convicted on a single count alleging possession with intent to distribute controlled substances. Gov.'s Opp'n 4, ECF No. 63. Although two different drugs were at issue, they were prosecuted under one statute as a "continuing offense" encapsulated in an ongoing course of conduct. Smith, 373 F.3d at 563-64.Allen v. United States, Criminal Action No. RDB 08-0222, 2013 WL 1247658, *4 (D. Md. Mar. 25, 2013) (Bennett, J.); see also United States v. Barlin, 686 F.2d 81, 89 (2d Cir. 1982) ("The mere fact that more than one substance is charged, however, does not mean there are multiple conspiracies.").
As the foregoing discussion confirms, there is no merit to Wright's duplicity claim because, even though two different drugs were at issue, Count One properly charged a single conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. Furthermore, any question on the unanimity of the jury's verdict is undermined by the fact that a special verdict form was used wherein the jury specifically found that Wright conspired to distribute both heroin and cocaine. Therefore, Wright's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on appellate counsel's failure to raise the issue on appeal fails on both prongs of the Strickland analysis. See Allen at *4-5 ("Because the count was not duplicitous, an argument in court based on duplicity would have no basis; since it is not within the wide range of professional conduct to pursue claims with no basis, counsel did not perform ineffectively with regard to the first Strickland prong. As to the second prong, which asks if actual prejudice occurred, . . . "[b]ecause the duplicity assertion lacks merit, it is improper to assume its consideration would have altered the proceedings."); see also Orbe v. True, 233 F. Supp.2d 749, 765 (E.D. Va. 2002) ("When ineffective assistance claims are based on the failure to raise, develop, or properly present an underlying claim, an examination of the merits of the underlying claim will frequently be dispositive of the ineffective assistance claim. If the underlying claim is meritless, counsel's failure to pursue it can be neither unreasonable nor prejudicial, and no further inquiry is necessary."). Ground Two - Failures Surrounding Plea Agreement
Wright's duplicity argument would have failed for the additional reason that it was not raised prior to trial. See United States v. King, 628 F.3d 693, 699 (4th Cir. 2011) ("[W]e note that King has waived his duplicity challenges because he failed to raise them prior to trial."); see also United States v. Burney, 441 F. App'x 993, 995 (4th Cir. 2011) ("A challenge to a defect in the indictment must be brought before trial.").
Wright filed an affidavit, sworn to under penalty of perjury, that stated the following:
2. I instructed Mr. Edwards to seek a plea agreement with the Prosecuting Attorney. The Prosecuting Attorney presented an 11(c)(1)(C) plea for 15 years. Mr. Edwards advised me not to accept the plea offer because the Government could not establish the drug weight of three (3) to ten (10) kilograms of heroin.ECF No. 556-2; see also Reply Brief for Calvin Wright (ECF No. 571) at p. 7 ("To be clear, Mr. Wright is claiming that Mr. Edwards informed him that the Government could not prove a conspiracy to distribute 3 to 10 kilograms of heroin, and that Mr. Wright should not accept a plea agreement in which Mr. Wright would be required to admit to a greater drug quantity than the Government could prove."); Memorandum in Support of § 2255 Motion (ECF No. 556-1) at p. 14 ("It is equally clear that Counsel focused on incorrect legal standards when advising Mr. Wright not to accept the Government's plea offer.").
Assistant Federal Public Defenders Malik Edwards and Joseph Balter represented Wright at trial.
By the time Wright testified at the evidentiary hearing in this matter, on January 6, 2016, his testimony regarding the advice he received from counsel concerning the proposed plea agreement had changed in certain respects.
Q: And do you recall the terms of the plea offer?
A: I just, I remember it being 15 years. And the drug weight was 3 to 10 kilos.
Q: And why did you - - well, did you accept or reject the plea offer?
A: I rejected the plea offer because my original indictment was for 100 grams or more. They superseded me for a kilo or more. Then when I get the indictment, the indictment is for more, even more drugs, 3 to 10 kilos.
Q: The indictment or the - -
A: I mean the plea offer was for more drugs than the indictment was for.
Q: So why did you turn down the plea offer?
A: Because, because of the drug weight.
Q: What was your understanding as far as - -
A: That they had to prove the 3 to 10 kilos at trial.
Q: And did you discuss this with your attorneys?
A: Yes.
Q: Did they agree that they had to, the government would have to prove 3 to 10 kilos?
A: They agreed to, to what I said. I'm saying like they couldn't prove, they would have a hard time proving the kilo and the 3 to 10 kilos. They was hopscotching for real. And I felt - - so I asked them to go back and ask for 10 years.
Q: Okay. And did they, do you know?
A: Yes.
Q: And what was the response?
A: They, the government declined.
Q: Did either attorney ever tell you what they thought your chances were of winning at trial?
A: I mean, you know, they say it was, they say they were 50/50 because they were going to do their best.
Court: 50/50 to be acquitted or 50/50 on the drug weight?
A: I mean, I know I wasn't going to get acquitted, but not 50/50 on the drug weight. Just 50/50 of, you know, of going to trial. You know, they say, you know, might, I might win, might lose. You know what I'm saying?
Court: You said you knew you would not be acquitted, is that right?
A: I felt like with the, you know, the weight against me, I didn't feel like I, I didn't feel like, you know, I could win. But I felt like I could at least, the time they were offering on the plea agreement, I felt like I could get that at trial. And they agreed with me.
Q: So is it your understanding that if you went to trial, the government had to prove only one kilogram?
A: Yeah. I felt like if, if I went to trial and I got found guilty of a kilo, I felt like I would be sentenced for a kilo.
Q: Whereas with the plea offer under the 3 to 10 kilos, you would be sentenced to whatever the agreement said, which was 15 to 20 years?
A: Yes.
Q: So you, did you think you were getting a, it would be better for you to go to trial, as opposed to taking the plea offer?
A: I felt like if I went to trial, I could get the same time and have my, and keep all my appeal rights.
Court: Did your lawyers advise you that the drug weight for sentencing would be whatever you were found guilty of at trial?
A: No, they did not. That's my whole argument.
Q: What did your attorneys explain to you about how, what you would be sentenced on?
A: As far as they were, as far as we were concerned, we were, I was going to be sentenced for a kilo or more. I mean, a kilo. Or more, just, I found that out at sentencing.
Q: You found at what?
A: What "or more" meant.
Q: Mr. Wright, did your attorneys explain to you the burden of proof at sentencing in regard to weight?
A: No.
Q: According to the plea offer, what was the burden of proof that was mentioned in the plea offer concerning the 3 to 10 kilograms?
A: I got to look.
Q: Mr. Wright, if you will look - - do you need to refresh your recollection?
A: Yes. I was trying to find it in here. Yeah.
Q: Paragraph Six.
A: Yeah. The plea offer says the offense conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute at least 3 kilograms, but less than 10 kilograms.
Q: Okay.
A: But it says prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
Q: So is your understanding that they would have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt - - excuse me - - 3 to 10 kilos?
A: Yes.
Q: And that you agreed to the beyond a reasonable doubt if you signed, if you agreed to the - -
A: Yes.
Q: - - accepted the offer?
A: Yes. That's why I didn't accept it.
Q: So it was your understanding, then, that the government would have to prove 3 to 10 kilos?
A: At trial.
Q: At trial?
A: Yes.
Q: And did your attorneys tell you whether they thought they could prove that or not?
A: They, they didn't explain it right. You know what I'm saying? Like all - - my understanding and their understanding, they agreed with me that if I went to the trial, I could get the same time that they was basically offering in the plea offer.
* * *
Q: If you had understood the plea offer and how the sentencing worked had you gone to trial, would you have taken, accepted the plea offer?
A: I would have accepted the offer if I'd have known going to trial that they would have just had to, I get found guilty of the bare minimum of a kilo and I could be sentenced to whatever the drug weight the drug, I mean the judge found to be by the preponderance of the evidence. The plea
agreement says "beyond a reasonable doubt." When I got sentenced, the judge said "by preponderance of the evidence." And if I'd known that, how can you win?
Court: Did you think the reasonable doubt standard would apply at sentencing?
A: The reasonable doubt?
Court: Going to drug weights at sentencing?
A: No. I thought that the kilo was just, the kilo, I thought the kilo was what I was going to be sentenced for if I got found guilty. And that's a level - - I don't know. Level 30 or something like that.
Court: Why did you think that?
A: Because of the sentencing guidelines.
Q: . . . Did you think that if you were convicted at trial -
A: yes.
Q: - - that you would only be sentenced to, for one kilogram?
A: Yes.
Q: And not 3 to 10 kilograms?
A: And not 3 to 10. Not 3 to 10 kilograms.
Q: And again, if you had understood exactly how the process worked, you would have accepted the plea offer?
A: I would have accepted the plea offer.
* * *
Q: This plea agreement that we've been discussing - - if I can return to it for just a second - - with whom did you discuss it, specifically?
A: Joe Balter and Malik Edwards.
Q: And were they together when they discussed it with you?ECF No. 624, at pp. 13-19, 23-24 (Transcript of January 6, 2016 Hearing).
A: Yes.
Q: And where did you have that discussion?
A: At, well, it's called CDF now but it was Supermax then.
Q: And they were both there?
A: Yes.
Q: And you had a copy of the plea agreement at that time?
A: Yes.
Q: For how long did you discuss the agreement?
A: I can't recall. That was six years ago. I can't recall. Hour. Half an hour. I don't remember.
Q: And just to be clear. Their advice to you was that you reject this plea agreement?
A: Their advice to me was that at trial I would, I could get the kilo, that, you know, what I agreed to, that I could get the same time that they were offering in the plea agreement at trial.
Q: So their advice to you was that they believed the government could not prove more than 3, but less than 10, kilograms of weight at trial?
A: Yes.
Q: And on that basis, you should reject the plea?
A: Yes. I rejected the plea.
Wright's assertions were contradicted by the testimony of both Mr. Edwards and Mr. Balter. Regarding his familiarity with the interplay between the drug conspiracy statute and the guidelines, Mr. Malik Edwards, Wright's attorney, testified:
Q: And are you familiar with the criminal provisions of Title 21 of the United States Code?
A: Yes.
Q: Generally familiar with the elements of the principal offenses? For example, possession with intent to distribute or conspiracy?
A: Yes.
Q: Familiar with the elements that the government must prove to charge someone with a sentence carrying a mandatory minimum?
A: Yes.
Q: And what is - - in order to prove a sentence carrying a mandatory minimum, in general, what does the government need to prove?
A: . . . What was the question?
Q: The question was, as a general matter, does the, what does the government need to demonstrate in order to prove a possession or conspiracy charge carrying a mandatory minimum sentence in federal court?
A: Well, the question is centered around the mandatory minimum part. My, my recollection of the statute was that certain amounts of drugs triggered certain mandatory minimums. And the government would have to prove that, that, well those amounts. They'd have to prove those amounts.
Q: By what standard?ECF No. 626, at pp. 5-7 (Transcript of March 1, 2016 Hearing).
A: For mandatory minimums, beyond a reasonable doubt.
Q: And are you also familiar with the United States Sentencing Guidelines from your work as an assistant federal public defender?
A: I am.
Q: And familiar with the sentencing guidelines that apply to narcotics cases?
A: Yes.
Q: And in general, what is the principal factor in determining a narcotics guidelines sentence?
A: Sentencing guidelines had, well, a number of charts related to drug offenses. There's a drug quantity table that, that associated certain guideline ranges to certain amounts of drugs.
Q: And would you agree with me that the standard of proof that applies for calculating those amounts is something less than beyond a reasonable doubt?
A: In the sentencing context, yes.
As to Wright's sentencing exposure, Mr. Edwards testified:
Q: And did you, do you recall making any calculation about Mr. Wright's sentencing exposure if he was convicted at trial?
A: Yes, I'm sure I did.
Q: Did you discuss the maximum possible sentence that he might receive?
A: Yes.
Q: And would you agree that Mr. Wright faced a maximum sentence of life imprisonment, given the charge of possession with intent to distribute one kilogram or more of heroin?Id. at 9; see also id. at 21-22 (explaining how he would have discussed Wright's sentence exposure with him).
A: Yes.
The court does not find Wright to be an entirely credible witness as certain portions of his testimony before the court were obviously untruthful. For example, Wright maintained that Edwards told him not to accept the plea agreement. Specifically, in his sworn affidavit, Wright averred:
2. I instructed Mr. Edwards to seek a plea agreement with the Prosecuting Attorney. The Prosecuting Attorney presented an 11(c)(1)(C) plea for 15 years. Mr. Edwards advised me not to accept the plea offer because the Government could not establish the drug weight of three (3) to ten (10) kilograms of heroin.ECF No. 556-2; see also Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Vacate (ECF No. 556-1 at p.14) ("Mr. Wright claims Mr. Edwards advised him the evidence could not support a conviction for a conspiracy to distribute 3 to 10 kilograms of heroin. . . [I]t is equally clear that Counsel focused on incorrect legal standards when advising Mr. Wright not to accept the Government's plea offer."); Reply Brief for Calvin Wright (ECF No. 571) at p. 7 ("To be clear, Mr. Wright is claiming that Mr. Edwards informed him that the Government could not prove a conspiracy to distribute 3 to 10 kilograms of heroin, and that Mr. Wright should not accept a plea agreement in which Mr. Wright would be required to admit to a greater drug quantity than the Government could prove.").
However, Mr. Edwards testified as follows:
Q: And can you tell us how those plea discussions came about or what they entailed?
A: If I recall, I think the government had made overtures from early on in the case, overtures that, you know, asking, you know, if Mr. Wright is interested in a plea and even cooperating early on. . . . Mr. Wright was steadfast in his innocence the whole time and so he did not want to entertain the government's overtures.
On the eve of trial, the government made one more overture and, actually, it sort of made an offer that I felt was worth bringing to Mr. Wright's attention, and did just that. You know, went over the offer with him. And he maintained his innocence and didn't want to accept the offer.
* * *
Q: Just to be clear. What was your recommendation to Mr. Wright about whether he should accept or reject this agreement?
A: I believe I recommended that he should accept the agreement.
Q: Did Mr. Balter concur in that advice?
A: I believe so.
* * *
Q: The third sentence [of Wright's affidavit] reads, quote: "Mr. Edwards advised me not to accept the plea offer because the government could not establish the drug weight of 3 to 10 kilograms of heroin." Close quote. Is that an accurate statement?
A: That's not my recollection.
Q: Did you have any understanding based on the discovery that you received in the criminal case against Mr. Wright as to what drug weight the government might eventually be able to establish at trial, or at sentence?
A: Did I have an understanding?
Q: Yes.
A: Yes. In fact, you know, my recollection is that it might have even been more than this 3 to 10 kilograms. I remember it being a very large case, I should say, a large conspiracy case. And I think Mr. Wright's exposure was, was pretty high.
Q: Did you advise him of that fact, that the government might prove more than 3 to 10 kilograms of heroin at trial or at sentencing?
A: I can't remember if I said an exact amount. I mean, the nature of the conversations that I do remember was that, you know, he had a lot of exposure and the evidence that the government had provided us that they would show at trial struck me as, that we'd have a very difficult chance of prevailing at trial, which my advice was for him to take a plea.
Q: Let me direct your attention to Paragraph 3. It reads, quote: "Mr. Edwards informed me that the drug weight was an element of the offense which the government had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain a conviction for conspiracy to distribute 3 to 10 kilograms of heroin." Is that an accurate statement?
A: I don't believe so, no.
Q: Why not?
A: The, well, especially in the context of this plea agreement, Page 2, Paragraph 3.
Q: You're referring to Petitioner's Exhibit 1?
A: I believe so, yes. That, that paragraph says rather explicitly what the government would have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt in terms of the statute, at least for that charge. And so I would explain that in terms of what the government had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt if it would have been that, whatever the amount it says in here. And then also have gone over Paragraph 6, what the guidelines stipulation was. And, you know, generally as an attorney, as a defense attorney, the different standards of proof for, in the sentencing context and in the trial.
Q: Let me direct your attention to Paragraph 4 on Page 2 of Mr. Wright's affidavit. It reads, quote: "If Mr. Edwards would have advised me of the fact that the drug weight could be determined by the judge by a mere preponderance of the evidence, once the jury finds the threshold drug quantity, I would have accepted the prosecutor's plea offer." Close quote.
Now I recognize that you can't speak to specifically what was in Mr. Wright's mind. But did Mr. Wright, at the time you discussed Petitioner's Exhibit 2 in 2010, did he suggest to you in any way that that drug quantity was the, the reason that he did not accept the plea agreement?
A: My recollection was he, Mr. Wright did not want to accept the plea agreement because he didn't believe that he was guilty of what he was charged with.
* * *
Court: Mr. Edwards, did the reason he, Mr. Wright, felt he was not guilty was because of the conspiracy implications and the fact that he didn't feel like he could or should be held responsible for
the entire, for the drug weight for the entire conspiracy?ECF No. 626 at 9-10, 12, 16-19, 25-26.
A: My recollection, Your Honor, is that Mr. Wright felt that he was innocent and wasn't guilty of anything that was charged in the indictments against him.
* * *
Q: And to be clear, your advice to him was not that he should reject this plea agreement because of an amount of heroin the government could or couldn't prove at trial? Is that accurate?
A: Yeah. No. My advice was to accept the plea offer.
Mr. Balter, Wright's other attorney, also recommended that Wright accept the plea agreement.
Q: Did you, do you recall anything specific about the meeting as far as reviewing the agreement with Mr. Wright?ECF No. 626 at 30.
A: My note reflects the fact that I recommended the agreement and he rejected it.
Therefore, Wright's self-serving assertions, at various points in time, that Mr. Edwards advised him to reject the plea offer is plainly contradicted by the testimony of Mr. Edwards and Mr. Balter. The court finds Mr. Edwards and Mr. Balter to be the more credible sources on this point of contention.
Likewise, the court does not find credible Wright's assertions that Mr. Edwards told him that the government "could not establish the drug weight of three (3) to ten (10) kilograms of heroin" given Mr. Edwards' completely contradictory testimony. See ECF No. 626 at 16 ("In fact, you know, my recollection is that it might have even been more than this 3 to 10 kilograms. I remember it being a very large case, I should say, a large conspiracy case. And I think Mr. Wright's exposure was, was pretty high."). Finally, the court finds credible Mr. Edwards' testimony that he advised Wright of his sentencing exposure.
In sum, the court cannot find that Mr. Edwards' advice to Wright in connection with the proposed plea agreement was objectively unreasonable, in large part, because it does not credit Wright's version of what happened. His "shifting allegations" regarding the advice he allegedly received from trial counsel severely undermine his credibility. Mattox v. United States, No. 3:10-CR-1(CAR), 2013 WL 5965321, *7 (M.D. Ga. Nov. 7, 2013) ("Further, Petitioner's shifting allegations, as illustrated by the stark differences between what Petitioner alleged in his Section 2255 Motion and what Petitioner alleged at the evidentiary hearing, also cast doubt on his credibility.").
In addition, a number of Wright's allegations regarding the advice Mr. Edwards gave him, even if true, do not establish that counsel was ineffective. For example, to the extent that Wright argues counsels' predictions about his likelihood of success or what the government could prove at trial were not accurate, that does mean his attorneys were ineffective. A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel will not succeed merely because a lawyer's prediction does not become reality. Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1391 (2012) ("[A]n erroneous strategic prediction about the outcome of a trial is not necessarily deficient performance.").
Furthermore, Wright cannot demonstrate Strickland prejudice in connection with his attorney's handling of the proposed plea. Even if the court were to assume that Wright would have accepted the plea offer but for counsel's ineffective assistance, he has not shown that the plea offer would have been entered without the trial court refusing to accept it. Indeed, Wright offered no evidence on this point and the court believes that there is an increased probability that a plea agreement will be rejected by a sentencing court when it is one under Rule 11(c)(1)(C) because the court's sentencing discretion is fettered by agreement of the parties. See, e.g., United States v. Seidman, 483 F. Supp. 156 (E.D. Wis. 1980) ("At the outset, the Court would note that it never will accept a Rule 11(e)(1)(C) type plea agreement. It is this Court's prerogative to determine the type of sentence that should be imposed upon a defendant for the offense of which he or she has been adjudged guilty."); United States v. Alatorre, Nos. CR 09-42-BLG-RFC, CV 11-28-BLG-RFC, 2011 WL 1743843, *1 (D. Mont. May 4, 2011) ("At sentencing, I accepted the plea agreement, even though I almost never accept binding agreements under Rule 11(c)(1)(C).").
Therefore, Wright's motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 was DENIED in its entirety and the Clerk was directed to remove the matter from the court's docket.
Additionally, the court has considered whether to grant a certificate of appealability. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c). A certificate will not be granted unless there is "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). The standard is satisfied only upon a showing that reasonable jurists would find that any assessment of the constitutional claims by this court is debatable or wrong and that any dispositive procedural ruling is likewise debatable. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336-38 (2003); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000); Rose v. Lee, 252 F.3d 676, 683-84 (4th Cir. 2001). The court concludes that the governing standard is not satisfied in this instance. Accordingly, the court DENIES a certificate of appealability.
The time to appeal runs from the filing of the Judgment Order and not this Memorandum Opinion.
The Clerk is directed to send copies of this Memorandum Opinion and Order to counsel of record and unrepresented parties.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 19th day of October, 2016.
ENTER:
/s/_________
David A. Faber
Senior United States District Judge