Opinion
Civil Action 3:22-CV-02079
05-09-2023
ADOLPH WRIGHT, Plaintiff, v. ELITE REVENUE SOLUTIONS, LLC, et al., Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
KAROLINE MEHALCHICK, CHIEF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
This action brought by pro se Plaintiff Adolph Wright (“Wright”), was commenced by the filing of a complaint on December 30, 2022, against Defendants Elite Revenue Solutions, LLC, David Keller, and Joseph Plummer (the “Elite Revenue Defendants”), and Luzerne County Tax Claim Bureau, Luzerne County Solicitor, Luzerne County Council, Tim McGinley, Lee Ann McDermott, Kendra Radle, David Pedri, Perry, Saidman, Schnee, Samuel Falcone, Jr., Joan Hoggarth, and James L. Haddock (the “Luzerne County Defendants”) (collectively, “Defendants”). (Doc. 1, at 1). Liberally construing the complaint, it appears that Wright is attempting to assert claims for breach of contract and claims under the First and Fourteenth Amendments rights regarding “the most recent filing indicating action to take the property by a tax sale absolute.” (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 4-6). Having conducted the statutorily-mandated screening of Wright's complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), the Court finds Wright has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
I. Background and Procedural History
On December 30, 2022, Wright, proceeding pro se, filed the instant action against Defendants. (Doc. 1). Concurrently with the complaint, Wright filed a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. (Doc. 2). In the complaint, Wright alleges Defendants violated his right to due process and equal protection by depriving Wright's family of property. (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 3-4). Wright also attaches several documents to his complaint, including an affidavit by Thomas Wright, a letter to Luzerne County officials requesting documents, an agenda submittal to Luzerne County Council, and a resolution by the Luzerne County Council approving a contract with Elite Revenue Solutions, LLC, for the collection of delinquent real estate tax services. (Doc. 1, at 4-23). To the extent that Wright wanted to incorporate any facts or claims in those documents into this complaint, he would have needed to write them in his complaint to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, the general idea of which is to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)); Monche v. Grill, No. 3:22-CV-1516, 2022 WL 15523082, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Oct. 27, 2022).
The Court grants Wright's motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis by separate order. (Doc. 2).
II. Legal Standard
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the Court is obligated to screen a civil complaint in which a prisoner is seeking redress from a governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a); James v. Pa. Dep't of Corr., 230 Fed.Appx. 195, 197 (3d Cir. 2007) (not precedential). The Court must dismiss the complaint if it “fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1). The Court has a similar obligation with respect to actions brought in forma pauperis. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); see generally Banks v. Cty. of Allegheny, 568 F.Supp.2d 579, 587-89 (W.D. Pa. 2008) (summarizing prisoner litigation screening procedures and standards). In performing its mandatory screening function, a district court applies the same standard applied to motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Mitchell v. Dodrill, 696 F.Supp.2d 454, 471 (M.D. Pa. 2010); Banks, 568 F.Supp.2d at 588.
Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes a defendant to move to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). To assess the sufficiency of a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court must first take note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a claim, then identify mere conclusions which are not entitled to the assumption of truth, and finally determine whether the complaint's factual allegations, taken as true, could plausibly satisfy the elements of the legal claim. Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 221 (3d Cir. 2011). In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court may consider the facts alleged on the face of the complaint, as well as “documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rts, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007).
After recognizing the required elements which make up the legal claim, a court should “begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). The plaintiff must provide some factual ground for relief, which “requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “[T]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Thus, courts “need not credit a complaint's ‘bald assertions' or ‘legal conclusions' ....” Morse v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 132 F.3d 902, 906 (3d Cir. 1997) (quoting In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1429-30 (3d Cir. 1997)). Nor need the court assume that a plaintiff can prove facts that the plaintiff has not alleged. Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal. v. Cal. St. Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983).
A court must then determine whether the well-pleaded factual allegations give rise to a plausible claim for relief. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Palakovic v. Wetzel, 854 F.3d 209, 219-20 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609 F.3d 239, 262 n.27 (3d Cir. 2010). The court must accept as true all allegations in the complaint, and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom are to be construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O'Brien & Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250, 1261 (3d Cir. 1994). This “presumption of truth attaches only to those allegations for which there is sufficient factual matter to render them plausible on their face.” Schuchardt v. President of the U.S., 839 F.3d 336, 347 (3d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation and citation omitted). The plausibility determination is context-specific and does not impose a heightened pleading requirement. Schuchardt, 839 F.3d at 347.
Additionally, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Thus, a well-pleaded complaint must recite factual allegations that are sufficient to raise the plaintiff's claimed right to relief beyond the level of mere speculation, set forth in a “short and plain” statement of a cause of action. There is no requirement that the pleading be specific or probable. Schuchardt, 839 F.3d at 347 (citing Phillips v. Cty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d at 224, 233-234 (3d Cir. 2008). Rule 8(a) requires a “showing that ‘the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.'” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)); see also Phillips, 515 F.3d at 233 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545).
With the aforementioned standards in mind, a document filed pro se is “to be liberally construed.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976). A pro se complaint, “however inartfully pleaded,” must be held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers” and can only be dismissed for failure to state a claim if it appears beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972). Further, the Third Circuit has instructed that if a complaint is vulnerable to dismissal for failure to state a claim, the district court must permit a curative amendment, unless an amendment would be inequitable or futile. Grayson v. Mayview St. Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002).
III. Discussion
A. The complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be GRANTED.
The complaint fails to comply with the pleading requirements of the Federal Rules of civil procedure and fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. in the complaint, Wright asserts violations of his constitutional rights against Defendants and appears to assert claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Luzerne county Defendants. (Doc. 1). “section 1983 imposes civil liability upon any person who, acting under the color of state law, deprives another individual of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States.” Shuman v. Penn Manor School Dist., 422 F.3d 141, 146 (3d Cir. 2005). Section 1983 “does not create any new substantive rights but instead provides a remedy for the violation of a federal constitutional or statutory right.” Shuman, 422 F.3d at 146. Section 1983 requires “ ‘both a deprivation of a federally protected right and that this deprivation was committed by one acting under color of state law.' ” Woloszyn v. County of Lawrence, 396 F.3d 314, 319 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Lake v. Arnold, 112 F.3d 682, 689 (3d Cir. 1997)).
Liability in a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action is personal in nature, and to be liable, a defendant must have been personally involved in the wrongful conduct. Thus, respondeat superior cannot form the basis of liability. Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 904 F.3d 280, 290 (3d Cir. 2018). In other words, “each Government official, his or her title notwithstanding, is only liable for his or her own misconduct.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677. And so, a constitutional deprivation cannot be premised merely on the fact that the defendant was a supervisor when the incidents set forth in the complaint occurred. See Alexander v. Forr, 297 Fed.Appx. 102, 10405 (3d Cir. 2008). Rather, “[b]ecause vicarious liability is inapplicable to Bivens and § 1983 suits, a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official's own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676.
Wright asserts claims against Luzerne County Defendants alleging that they violated his right to due process and equal protection of the law for depriving his family of their property “by a tax sale absolute.” (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 3-4). The complaint does not contain sufficient allegations to show that Luzerne County Defendants were personally involved in the alleged violations of Wight's rights. The pleadings do not allege what actions Luzerne County Defendants took or how they assisted in or acquiesced in the violation of his rights. Nor do the pleadings allege what actions Elite Revenue Defendants took in order to be subject to liability in this case. Accordingly, the complaint fails to allege the personal involvement of Defendants and, thus, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
The complaint also fails to comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. As discussed supra, Rule 8(a)(2) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). Here, even when liberally construed as is necessary for pro se complaints, Wright fails to simply, concisely, and directly allege what his claim are and do not provide fair notice of the grounds on which his intended claims rest. See Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93. Wright provides a multitude of facts, legal postures, and references to the history of the United States without any concise connection to how these facts involve Wright himself. (Doc. 1, at 1-3). Furthermore, Wright's assertions lack an express link between his claims and factual allegations. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106. Throughout his complaint, Wright provides various legal assertions and references to previous precedent, but contributes no facts to indicate how his claims are impacted by this precedent. (Doc. 1, at 1-3).
Wright also runs afoul of Rule 8(a)(2)'s basic tenant that the “‘plain statement' [must] possess enough heft to ‘sh[ow] that the pleader is entitled to relief.'” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545; see also Cooper v. Link, No. 18-CV-4481, 2018 WL 6528170, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 12, 2018) (“[Plaintiff] cannot move forward on his complaint as pled because it is not clear what each Defendant did to violate his rights.”). Here, it is unclear from the complaint whether Wright is attempting to present claims on his own behalf, and it is unclear what actions Defendants allegedly took regarding Wight's claims. (Doc. 1). Thus, in its current form, the complaint would not provide any meaningful opportunity for Defendants to decipher or answer the vague allegations levied against them. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. It is “rambling and unclear” so as to defy response. Tillio v. Spiess, 441 Fed.Appx. 109, 110 (3d Cir. 2011). As such, Wright's complaint is subject to dismissal in its entirety for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. (Doc. 1).
B. Leave to Amend
The Third Circuit has instructed that if a complaint is vulnerable to dismissal for failure to state a claim, the district court must permit a curative amendment, unless an amendment would be inequitable or futile. Grayson, 293 F.3d at 108. Further, “[a] district court has ‘substantial leeway in deciding whether to grant leave to amend.'” In re Avandia Mktg., Sales Practices & Prod. Liab. Litig., 564 Fed.Appx. 672, 673 (3d Cir. 2014) (not precedential) (quoting Lake v. Arnold, 232 F.3d 360, 373 (3d Cir. 2000)). In this case, the Court will grant Wright leave to file an amended complaint in an attempt to cure the deficiencies outlined herein. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106; Grayson, 293 F.3d at 108.
Wright is advised that the amended complaint must be a pleading that stands by itself without reference to the original complaint. Young v. Keohane, 809 F.Supp. 1185, 1198 (M.D. Pa. 1992) (emphasis added). The amended complaint must consist of concise and direct statements alleging which civil rights were violated, and the specific acts that established each violation. Mere speculation is insufficient. Wright is advised to follow each claim with a corresponding good-faith request for relief. Further, Wright is cautioned that he must comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and establish at least a modicum of factual specificity regarding the claims he intends to assert and the factual grounds upon which they rest. The amended complaint should also be limited to those claims that arise out of the same transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences as averred in the original complaint. Failure to file an amended complaint in accordance with the aforementioned requirements may result in the dismissal of this action in its entirety.
IV. Conclusion
As it stands, Wright's complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. (Doc 1). The Court grants Wright leave to file an amended complaint within 30 days from the date of the Order filed concurrently with this Memorandum, on or before Thursday, June 8, 2023.
An appropriate Order follows.