Opinion
10 Civ. 4135 (RWS).
March 17, 2011
Pro Se, SHEILA WOLK, New York, NY.
Attorneys for Defendant Photobucket.com, Inc., NORWICK SCHAD, New York, NY, By: Kenneth P. Norwick, Esq., SATTERLEE STEPHENS BURKE BURKE LLP, New York, NY, By: Mark Alan Lerner, Esq.
Attorneys for Defendants Kodak Imaging Network, Inc. and Eastman Kodak Company, NIXON PEABODY LLP, New York, NY, By: Mark D. Robins, Esq., Boston, MA, By: Gina M. McCreadie, Esq., San Francisco, CA, By: Talley M. Henry, Esq.
OPINION
Plaintiff Sheila Wolk ("Wolk" or "Plaintiff") has moved for a preliminary injunction preventing Defendant Photobucket.com, Inc. ("Photobucket" or "Defendant") from infringing on her copyrights. This motion was considered fully submitted on November 3, 2010. For the following reasons, Plaintiff's motion is denied.
I. Summary of Facts
Plaintiff is a visual artist. Photobucket is an internet service provider ("ISP") which hosts user-generated photos for storage and sharing. Users have uploaded upwards of 8 billion photos to Photobucket. Plaintiff claims that copies of her copyrighted images have been uploaded to Photobucket without her permission. In response, Plaintiff has provided notices requesting that some of these images be taken down from Photobucket. Several of these notices have complied with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"). Where Plaintiff has submitted a DMCA-compliant notice, Photobucket has taken down the allegedly infringing photo. Photobucket also has taken down photos where Plaintiff has sufficiently identified the alleged infringements, even if the notice was not DMCA-compliant. Despite the removal of these allegedly infringing photos, Plaintiff contends that more infringing photos remain on Photobucket's site, though she has not provided DMCA-compliant notices of these allegedly infringing works to Photobucket.
II. Legal Standards
In order to obtain a preliminary injunction, a movant must satisfy a three-part test, including:
1) irreparable harm absent injunctive relief; 2) either a likelihood of success on the merits, or a serious question going to the merits to make them a fair ground for trial, with a balance of hardships tipping decidedly in the plaintiff's favor; and 3) that the public's interest weighs in favor of granting an injunction.Metro Taxicab Bd. of Trade v. City of New York, 615 F.3d 152, 156 (2d Cir. 2010), citing Almontaser v. N.Y. City Dep't of Educ., 519 F.3d 505, 508 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam); Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008) (internal quotations omitted).
Plaintiffs are not entitled to a presumption of irreparable harm if they demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits.Salinger v. Colting, 607 F.3d 68, 80-82 (2d Cir. 2010). Rather, "plaintiffs must show that, on the facts of their case, the failure to issue an injunction would actually cause irreparable harm." Id. at 82.
III. Plaintiff Does Not Demonstrate a Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Through the DMCA, Congress has provided a series of "safe harbors" for ISPs, including for displaying works residing on systems or networks at the direction of users. See Ellison v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1076-77 (9th Cir. 2004). Where an ISP meets safe harbor eligibility requirements, it is protected from all monetary and most equitable relief. See Corbis Corp. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 351 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1098-99 (W.D. Wash. 2004), abrogated on other grounds by Cosmetic Ideas, Inc. v. IAC/Interactivecorp., 606 F.3d 612 (9th Cir. 2010).
In order for Photobucket to fall within the DMCA's safe harbor protection, it must meet the following criteria: (1) it must be a service provider as defined by the statute; (2) it must have adopted and reasonably implemented a policy for the termination in appropriate circumstances of users who are repeat infringers; and, (3) it must accommodate and not interfere with standard technical measures used by copyright owners to identify or protect copyrighted works. See Id. at 1099; Io Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc., 586 F. Supp. 2d 1132, 1142-43 (N.D. Cal. 2008); Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75071, *11 (C.D. Cal. Jul. 26, 2010); 17 U.S.C. §§ 512(i) (k)(1)(B).
The DMCA safe harbor provision at issue here is found at 17 U.S.C. § 512(c), and it protects service providers for liability "`for infringement of copyright by reason of the storage at the direction of a user of material that resides on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider.'"Io Group, 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1146, quoting 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1).
a. Photobucket is a Service Provider under the DMCA
A "service provider" is broadly defined under the DMCA as a "provider of online services or network access, or the operator of facilities therefor. . . ." 17 U.S.C. § 512(k)(1)(B). "This definition encompasses a broad variety of Internet activities."Corbis, 351 F.Supp.2d at 1100; see also In re Aimster Copyright Litigation, 252 F. Supp. 2d 634, 658 (N.D. Ill. 2002) ("`service provider' is defined so broadly that [the court would] have trouble imagining the existence of an online service that would not fall under the definition . . ."). Where courts have dealt with services similar to Photobucket, namely Youtube.com, they have found those companies to be "service providers" under the statute. See Viacom International, Inc. v. Youtube, Inc., 718 F. Supp. 2d 514, 518 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). Photobucket's hosting and allowance of online sharing of photos and video at the discretion of its users qualifies it as a service provider under the DMCA.
b. Photobucket Has Adopted and Reasonably Implemented a Policy for the Termination of Users Who Are Repeat Infringers
The DMCA requires a safe harbor service provider to demonstrate that it has:
adopted and reasonably implemented, and informs subscribers and account holders of the service provider's system or network of, a policy that provides or the termination in appropriate circumstances of subscribers and account holders of the service provider's system or network who are repeat infringers.17 U.S.C. § 512(i)(1)(A); see Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102, 1109 (9th Cir. 2007).
Photobucket has met this criteria by adopting, informing users of, and implementing a policy addressing the termination of users who repeatedly infringe copyrights. (Dana. Aff. ¶ 22.) c. Photobucket Does Not Interfere with Standard Technical Measures
"Standard technical measures" are defined as "technical measures that are used by copyright owners to identify or protect copyrighted works" and which: (a) "have been developed pursuant to a broad consensus of copyright owners and service providers in an open, fair, voluntary, multi-industry standards process"; (b) "are available to any person on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms"; and (c) "do not impose substantial costs on service providers or substantial burdens on their systems or networks."Io Group, 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1143, quoting 17 U.S.C. § 512(i)(2)(A)-(C).
Photobucket contends, and Plaintiff does not dispute, that it accommodates and does not interfere with standard technical measures taken by copyright holders to protect their intellectual property. (Dana Aff. ¶ 23.)
d. The Infringement Alleged Here Invokes DMCA Section 512(c) Safe Harbor Protection
As noted above, 17 U.S.C. § 512(c) protects qualified service providers from liability for infringement which occurs "by reason of the storage at the direction of a user that resides on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider." 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1). This safe harbor was not intended by Congress to be limited "to merely storing material," but was meant to encompass a broader range of services offered by internet companies. Io Group, 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1147. However, the safe harbor does not apply to "material that resides on the system or network operated by or for the service provider through its own acts or decisions and not at the discretion of a user." Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). The protections offered by § 512(c) extend to where the service provider offers online tools permitting users to interact with user-submitted content. See Id. at 1146-47; Viacom, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 527-28 ("Surely the provision of such service, access, and operation of facilities are within the safe harbor when they flow from the material's placement on the provider's system or network: it is inconceivable that they are left exposed to be claimed as unprotected infringements").
e. Photobucket Meets All of the Requirements for Protection under Section 512(c)
A service provider may qualify for protection under § 512(c) if it:
(A)(i) does not have actual knowledge that the material or an activity using the material on the system or network is infringing;
(ii) in the absence of such actual knowledge, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent;
(iii) upon obtaining such knowledge or awareness, acts expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material.
(B) does not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity, in a case in which the service provider has the right and ability to control such activity; and
(C) upon notification of claimed infringement as described in paragraph (3), responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity.17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(A)-(C).
In order for ISP to be charged with notice of a claimed infringement, the notice "must be a written communication provided to the designated agent of a service provider that includes substantially the following":
(A)(i) A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.
(ii) Identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple copyrighted works at a single online site are covered by a single notification, a representative list of such works at that site.
(iii) Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate the material.
(iv) Information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to contact the complaining party, such as an address, telephone number, and, if available, an electronic mail address at which the complaining party may be contacted.
(v) A statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.
(vi) A statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the complaining party is authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.
(B)(i) Subject to clause (ii), a notification from a copyright owner or from a person authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner that fails to comply substantially with the provisions of subparagraph (A) shall not be considered under paragraph (1)(A) in determining whether a service provider has actual knowledge or is aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent.
(ii) In a case in which the notification that is provided to the service provider's designated agent fails to comply substantially with all the provisions of subparagraph (A) but substantially complies with clauses (ii), (iii), and (iv) of subparagraph (A), clause (i) of this subparagraph applies only if the service provider promptly attempts to contact the person making the notification or takes other reasonable steps to assist in the receipt of notification that substantially complies with all the provisions of subparagraph (A).17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3)(A)-(B).
The ISP must also designate an agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement on its website in a publicly accessible location and with the Copyright Office. 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(2).
1. Plaintiff's Non-Specific Notices of Infringement Were Insufficient to Give Photobucket Actual or Apparent Knowledge of Infringement
Photobucket has taken down all allegedly infringing photos where Plaintiff has supplied DMCA-compliant notice. Plaintiff's motion relies upon her contention that her past notices also serve as DMCA-compliant notice of other present and future alleged infringements of the same copyrighted works posted at different times and at different locations. In essence, Plaintiff contends that Photobucket is now aware that her copyrights are being infringed on its site, and it must now police its sight to uncover current infringements and prevent future infringements, without her providing DMCA-compliant notice in each instance.
Plaintiff's position places a burden on Photobucket beyond what is required under the DMCA. Pursuant to § 512(c)(3)(A), DMCA-compliant notice must identify and reasonably locate the infringing activity in each instance. As the Court held inViacom, "[a]n example of such sufficient information would be a copy or description of the allegedly infringing material and the so-called `uniform resource locator' (URL) (i.e., web site address) which allegedly contains the infringing material." 718 F. Supp. 2d at 529 (rejecting plaintiff's complaint where the ISP removed only specific infringing material designated in DMCA-compliant notices and not other clips which infringed the same works), quoting House Committee on Commerce Report, H.R. Rep. No. 105-551 (Part 2), 105th Cong., 2d Sess., at 55 (July 22, 1998). Plaintiff cites Viacom in urging the Court to adopt a "common-sense, fact-based approach, not a formalistic one" in assessing Defendant's notice. (Pl. Mem. at 4, quotingViacom, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 521.) However, as shown above, Viacom indicates that such an approach would still require Plaintiff to provide the specific location of the allegedly infringing works in each instance for notice to be effective. See Viacom, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 523, 529.
The requirement that DMCA-compliant notices identify and locate specific acts of infringement undermines Plaintiff's position, as her past notices do not identify and locate other, and future, infringing activity. The Court does not accept her invitation to shift the burden from her to Photobucket, as the underlying purpose of the notice requirements is to "place the burden of policing copyright infringement — indentifying the potentially infringing material and adequately documenting infringement — squarely on the owners of the copyright." UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Veoh Networks Inc., 665 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 1110 (C.D. Cal. 2009), quoting CCBill, 488 F.3d at 1113. The Court in CCBill similarly "decline[d] to shift [the] substantial burden [of policing for infringement] from the copyright owner to the provider." CCBill, 488 F.3d at 1113. Furthermore, 17 U.S.C. § 512(m)(1) rejects any attempt to force ISPs to police their sites for copyright infringement:
Nothing in this section shall be construed to condition the applicability of subsections (a) through (d) on —
(1) a service provider monitoring its service or affirmatively seeking facts indicating infringing activity, except to the extent consistent with a standard technical measure complying with the provisions of subsection (i). . . .See also Viacom, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 524 ("The DMCA is explicit: it shall not be construed to condition `safe harbor' protection on a service provider monitoring its service or affirmatively seeking facts indicating infringing activity. . . .") (internal quotations and citations omitted).
A similar argument was rejected in UMG. There, the plaintiff, a rights holder of various music recordings, provided notice of specific infringements and indicated that it believed other, non-specified infringement was taking place. 665 F. Supp. 2d at 1109-10. The plaintiff argued that the ISP "should have sought out actual knowledge of other infringing videos by searching its system for all videos by the artists indentified in the [plaintiff's] notices." Id. at 1110. The court rejected this argument, holding that an "artist's name is not `information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate [infringing] material'" and noting that searches suggested by the plaintiff produced "false positives" which should not be taken down. Id. at 1110 n. 13 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Without receiving notices identifying and locating each instance of infringement, Photobucket did not have "actual knowledge" of the complained of infringements or "aware[ness] of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent." 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(A)(ii). See UMG, 665 F. Supp. 2d at 1110 ("notices that fail to comply substantially with § 512(c)(3)(A) `shall not be considered . . . in determining whether a service provider has actual knowledge or is aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent'"), quoting 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3)(B); Hendrickson v. Ebay, Inc., 165 F. Supp. 2d 1082 (C.D. Cal. 2001) ("The DMCA expressly provides that if the copyright holder's attempted notification fails to `comply substantially' with the elements of notification described in subsection (c)(3), that notification shall not be considered when evaluating whether the service provider had actual or constructive knowledge of the infringing activity under the first prong set forth in Section 512(c)(1)"), quoting 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3)(B)(i); Viacom, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 524 ("The tenor of the foregoing provisions is that the phrases `actual knowledge that the material or an activity' is infringing, and `facts or circumstances' indicating infringing activity, describe knowledge of specific and identifiable infringements of particular individual items. Mere knowledge of prevalence of such activity in general is not enough."). Wolk has failed to point to other factors sufficient to establish that Photobucket knew or should have known of the specific infringing activity.
Finally, as noted above, it is undisputed that Photobucket has promptly taken down allegedly infringing materials when notified in compliance with the DMCA, satisfying the third and final factor of § 512(c)(1)(A), as well as § 512(c)(1)(C).
2. Photobucket Does Not Have the Right and Ability to Control Infringing Activity and Does Not Receive Direct Financial Benefit from Alleged Infringing Activity
Turning to § 512(c)(1)(B), Photobucket may "not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity, in a case in which [it] has the right and ability to control such activity." 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(B).
Photobucket allows users to upload and share photos and does not maintain the right or ability to control what is posted, including materials which infringe copyrights. "[T]he right and ability to control infringing activity, `as the concept is used in the DMCA, cannot simply mean the ability of a service provider to block or remove access to materials posted on its website or stored on its system.'" Corbis, 351 F. Supp. 2d at 1110, quotingCCBill, 488 F.3d at 1098. See also Hendrickson, 165 F. Supp. 2d at 1093; Io Group, 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1151. Rather, such a right and ability to control may take the form of prescreening content, providing extensive advice to users regarding content, and editing user content. See Corbis, 351 F. Supp. 2d at 1110, citingPerfect 10, Inc. v. Cybernet Ventures, Inc., 213 F. Supp. 2d 1146, 1181-82 (C.D. Cal. 2002). Photobucket does not engage in such activities, and the size of its website curtails its ability to do so. (Dana Aff. ¶ 3.) In Io Group, the Court found that, where hundreds of thousands of videos had been uploaded to a site similar to Photobucket, no reasonable juror could conclude that a comprehensive review of every file would be feasible. 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1153. Plaintiff has not pointed to any feasible method by which Photobucket can prescreen its content.
Plaintiff proposes that Photobucket uses video "fingerprinting" technology to search its website for infringing material. However, Plaintiff concedes that such technology is very burdensome to implement and notes Photobucket's contention that it would not be feasible to use such technology. (Pl. Reply Mem. at 2, citing Dana Aff. ¶ 50.)
Furthermore, Photobucket does not receive "a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity" Plaintiff seeks to enjoin. 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(B). As the Ninth Circuit has held, where there is no evidence that "[the service provider] attracted or retained subscriptions because of the infringement or lost subscriptions because of [its] eventual obstruction of the infringement," no reasonable jury could conclude that the service provider received a direct financial benefit from providing access to the infringing material. CCBill, 488 F.3d at 1117, citing Ellison, 357 F.3d at 1079.
Plaintiff contends that Photobucket receives financial gain through its relationship with Kodak, under which it receives a share of sales derived from Photobucket.com. However, this financial gain is derived from allowing all users access to Kodak's services, not directly and specifically from allowing users to print infringing material.
3. Photobucket Has Properly Designated an Agent to Receive Notifications of Claimed Infringements
The final requirement for safe harbor under § 512(c)(2) is for Photobucket to designate an agent for DMCA notifications, to post such agent's contact information on its website in a publicly accessible location, and to provide the Copyright Office with this information. It is undisputed that Photobucket has complied with this requirement. (See Dana Aff. ¶ 16.)
f. The Limited Injunctive Relief Available under Section 512(j) Does Not Provide For Plaintiff's Requested Relief
Because Photobucket qualifies for § 512(c)'s safe harbor, the relief available to Plaintiff is circumscribed to that provided by § 512(j). Only three forms of injunctive relief are available against Photobucket:
(i) An order restraining the service provider from providing access to infringing material or activity residing at a particular online site on the provider's system or network.
(ii) An order restraining the service provider from providing access to a subscriber or account holder of the service provider's system or network who is engaging in infringing activity and is identified in the order, by terminating the accounts of the subscriber or account holder that are specified in the order.
(iii) Such other injunctive relief as the court may consider necessary to prevent or restrain infringement of copyrighted material specified in the order of the court at a particular online location, if such relief is the least burdensome to the service provider among the forms of relief comparably effective for that purpose.17 U.S.C. § 512(j)(1)(A). Plaintiff appears to seek relief under (i) and (iii).
An injunction under (i), which prevents Photobucket from "providing access to infringing material residing at a particular online site on the provider's system or network," essentially requires Photobucket to block access to infringing material when given proper notice. 17 U.S.C. § 512(j)(1)(A)(i); see Nimmer on Copyright, § 12B.11 (2010), citing Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, H.R. Rep. No. 105-551 (Part 2), 105th Cong., 2d Sess., at 62 (July 22, 1998). It is undisputed Photobucket is already removing allegedly infringing works when given DMCA-compliant notice so that there is no need for an injunction requiring it to do the same.
The third form of injunction under § 512(j)(1)(A) is a broader catch-all provision, but it requires that the injunction point to "a particular online location" and that the relief be the "least burdensome to the service provider" among other effective forms of relief. Plaintiff's argument is that she need not provide specific online locations for infringements of her copyrights. Rather, Photobucket is to search for infringing activity itself, a task which both parties acknowledge to be burdensome. The injunctive relief Plaintiff seeks does not comport to § 512(j)(1)(A)(iii).
IV. Plaintiff Fails to Satisfy the Other Criteria for a Preliminary Injunction
Apart from being unable to establish a likelihood of success on the merits, Plaintiff does not demonstrate irreparable harm, that the balance of hardships falls in her favor, or that public policy supports her sought-after relief.
a. Plaintiff Fails to Demonstrate Irreparable Harm
Plaintiff relies on a presumption of irreparable harm for copyright plaintiffs, citing Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Phoenix Control Sys., Inc., 886 F.2d 1173, 1174 (9th Cir. 1989). However, this presumption has been abrogated. Salinger, 607 F.3d at 75. This court has found the following:
Irreparable harm is the "single most important prerequisite" for a preliminary injunction to issue. Faiveley Transp. Malmo AB v. Wabtec Corp., 559 F.3d 110, 118 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). The plaintiff must demonstrate that, without a preliminary injunction, he will suffer an injury that is "neither remote nor speculative, but actual and imminent, and one that cannot be remedied if a court waits until the end of trial to resolve the harm." Id. (citation omitted). "Where there is an adequate remedy at law, such as an award of money damages, injunctions are unavailable except in extraordinary circumstances." Id. (citation omitted). Thus, the "relevant harm is the harm that (a) occurs to the parties' legal interests and (b) cannot be remedied after a final adjudication, whether by damages or a permanent injunction." Salinger, 607 F.3d at 81. A court must not presume that a plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm; it must "actually consider the injury the plaintiff will suffer if he or she loses on the preliminary injunction but ultimately prevails on the merits." Id. at 80.Morgan Stanley Co. v. Seghers, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107686, at *15-16 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2010). Plaintiff has not pointed to any damages which cannot be remedied after a final adjudication.
Furthermore, Plaintiff's delay in bringing her motion for a preliminary injunction belies her claim of irreparable harm.Salinger, 607 F.3d at 75-76. "An unreasonable delay suggests that the plaintiff may have acquiesced in the infringing activity or that any harm suffered is not so severe as to be `irreparable.'"Feiner v. Turner Entertainment Co., 98 F.3d 33, 34 (2d Cir. 1996) (18 month delay in bringing copyright infringement suit rebutted presumption of irreparable harm), abrogated on other grounds bySalinger, 607 F.3d at 75. According to Plaintiff, many of the alleged infringements have been on Photobucket's site since 2008. (Pl. Mem. at 3; Wolk Dep., p. 325.)
b. The Balance of Hardships Does Not Weigh in Plaintiff's Favor
Where a plaintiff has failed to demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits buts has demonstrated "sufficiently serious questions going to the merits," the Court should issue an injunction where the "balance of hardship tip[s] decidedly in the plaintiff's favor." Salinger, 607 F.3d at 79-80 (citations omitted). Due to Photobucket's eligibility for safe harbor protections under the DMCA, Plaintiff has not raised sufficiently serious questions going to the merits. Plaintiff also fails to show that the balance of hardships tips in her favor.
Plaintiff contends that failure to grant her relief will require her to find infringing activity on Photobucket's site and report it to them through DMCA-compliant notices. She contends that this will be difficult and labor intensive. However, the purpose of her motion is to shift that same burden to Photobucket, without Photobucket having the benefit of knowing whether Plaintiff has authorized any of her works to be displayed on its site. While, as Plaintiff points out, Photobucket is the larger enterprise, the burden it would bear in having to continually search its site for infringing activity is heavy. Furthermore, saddling Photobucket with this responsibility is out of step with the DMCA, which, as noted above, places the burden of uncovering infringing activity on copyright holders.
c. The Public Interest Would Be Disserved By Issuing the Injunction
Finally, the Court must consider whether the "public's interest weighs in favor of granting an injunction." Metro Taxicab, 615 F.3d at 156, citing Winter, 555 U.S. 7.
As noted above, the DMCA provides a scheme under which copyright holders notify ISPs of alleged infringing material on their sites, and the ISPs act to remove such material. To the extent that Plaintiff has availed herself of this scheme, it has worked. However, Plaintiff seeks to shift the burden of finding infringing material to the ISP. Such a shift would render ISPs responsible for searching their sites for all infringing materials, a significant task. Plaintiff acknowledges that it would be expensive for Photobucket to search for her intellectual property, much less all other copyrighted works. (Pl. Reply Mem. at 2.) Placing such a debilitating burden on ISPs would defy the purpose of the DMCA, which was "to facilitate the growth of electronic commerce, not squelch it." Io Group, 586 F. Supp. 2d at 1154, citing S. Rep. No. 105-190, 105th Cong., 2d Sess., at 1-2 (May 11, 1998).
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction is denied.
It is so ordered.