Opinion
No. 2:09-cv-01072-KJM-KJN
03-22-2017
WINNEMEN WINTU TRIBE, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, Defendant.
ORDER
This order concerns only the court's prior decision to grant plaintiffs' cross-motion for summary judgment regarding the Coonrod Cultural Site. See ECF No. 147. Construing a portion of defendant's filing as a motion to reconsider, ECF Nos. 150, 158, and for the reasons stated below, the court RECONSIDERS the question and now VACATES its prior decision and GRANTS defendant's motion for summary judgment regarding this claim. The court's decisions on the parties' other claims remain unchanged by this order.
I. BACKGROUND
The Winnemen Wintu Tribe (the Tribe) is not a federally recognized Indian tribe, AR 469; 79 Fed. Reg. 4748-02 (Jan. 29, 2014), but it has a longstanding relationship with the United States Forest Service ("USFS") concerning permits and project planning, see, e.g., AR 56, 818, 920. As of 2007, the Coonrod Historical Site is a National Historic Place under the National Historic Preservation Act ("NHPA"), 54 U.S.C. §§ 300101 et seq. AR 336, 337, 930-944. Members of the Tribe view the Coonrod site as a ceremonial area, AR 934, and have held ceremonies there annually since the 1970s, AR 904, 922, 934. In 2003 the USFS issued a livestock and cattle grazing permit to an individual named Wesley Truax, who is not a party to this action. AR 908-916. At about the same time, the Tribe sent a letter to the USFS complaining about "desecration" to the Coonrod site by non-tribe members. AR 904.
After the commencement of this lawsuit, the NHPA was reorganized and recodified in Title 54 of the United States Code, from 16 U.S.C. § 470 et seq. Act of Dec. 19, 2014, Pub. L. No. 113-287, 128 Stat. 3094 (recodifying acts relating to the National Park Service into a new title of the United States Code). This order cities to the current statutes in Title 54, while mindful to apply the NHPA as it existed at the time of the USFS's decision making. --------
Plaintiffs commenced this lawsuit against the USFS on April 19, 2009, ECF No. 1, and in their fourth amended complaint, the operative complaint in this case, they advance six separate claims for relief, each claim involving alleged damages to a different cultural site. ECF No. 121. Plaintiffs' third claim for relief alleges the USFS violated the NHPA and the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA") by granting the permits that allowed cattle to graze on the Coonrod site without properly consulting the Tribe, as required by regulations promulgated under the NHPA. Id. ¶¶ 62-66. The USFS filed a motion for summary judgment, Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Def.'s MSJ"), ECF No. 131, and plaintiffs filed an opposition and cross-motion for summary judgment, Pls.' Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pls.' MSJ"), ECF No. 133. The court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant on all claims except claim three, regarding the Coonrod Cultural Site, which the court decided in favor of plaintiffs. See Order at 21-23, ECF No. 147. In its order, the court found the Tribe was a "consulting party" as defined by the regulations promulgated under the NHPA, and the USFS violated the NHPA and APA by not first consulting with plaintiffs before issuing cattle grazing permits to a third party for the Coonrod site. Id. In its order, the court ordered briefing on the issue of the appropriate remedy for the Coonrod site. Id. at 27-28.
Both parties submitted briefs on the appropriate remedy for the Coonrod site. Although the USFS ultimately does address the issue of remedies, it first argues the court erred in granting plaintiffs consulting party status. Def.'s Remedies Brief ("Def.'s Brief"), ECF No. 150. As a result, the USFS argues, plaintiffs were not entitled to consultation, and the court erroneously found the USFS violated the NHPA and APA by not first consulting with plaintiffs before issuing the cattle grazing permits. Def.'s Brief at 4-6. The court ordered the parties to show cause why it should not construe defendant's brief as a motion for reconsideration, ECF No. 157, and the parties responded, ECF Nos. 158, 159. In their response, plaintiffs contend the court need not revisit its prior order because the USFS merely restates arguments previously made and rejected. Pls.' Response at 3, ECF No. 159. Having considered the parties' responses, and for the reasons stated below, the court elects to exercise its discretion and consider defendant's threshold argument in its brief on remedies as a motion for reconsideration. See Barber v. State of Hawai'i, 42 F.3d 1185, 1198 (9th Cir. 1994) (district courts have broad discretion under FRCP 60(b) to reconsider decisions).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Reconsideration
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6), a party may seek relief from a judgment or order for "any [ ] reason that justifies relief." The Ninth Circuit has stated that Rule 60(b)(6) should be "liberally applied to accomplish justice." In re Int'l Fibercom, Inc., 503 F.3d 933, 941 (9th Cir. 2007) (quotations omitted). At the same time, "[j]udgments are not often set aside under Rule 60(b)(6)." Latshaw v. Trainer Wortham & Co., 452 F.3d 1097, 1103 (9th Cir. 2006). Rather, this section should be applied "sparingly as an equitable remedy to prevent manifest injustice," Lal v. California, 610 F.3d 518, 524 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Alpine Land & Reservoir Co., 984 F.2d 1047, 1049 (9th Cir. 1993)), or to correct a clear error, Gagan v. Sharar, 376 F.3d 987, 992 (9th Cir. 2004); Barcellos & Wolfsen, Inc. v. Westlands Water Dist., 849 F. Supp. 717, 728 (E.D. Cal. 1993), aff'd sub nom. O'Neill v. United States, 50 F.3d 677 (9th Cir. 1995). Although the court construes defendant's brief on remedies as a motion for reconsideration, the court also could sua sponte reconsider a final order under Rule 60(b) to correct its own mistakes. Kingvision Pay-Per-View Ltd. v. Lake Alice Bar, 168 F.3d ///// 347, 351-52 (9th Cir. 1999); Colmar v. Jackson Band of Miwuk Indians, No. 09-0742, 2011 WL 2456628, at *2 (E.D.Cal. Jun. 15, 2011).
As explained below, the court concludes it erred in granting plaintiffs' consulting party status. Seeing as it would be manifestly unjust not to correct this error of law, the court elects to do so now.
B. Consulting Parties under the NHPA
Section 106 of the NHPA provides that a federal agency "shall take into account" the effect of the issuance of a license, such as the cattle grazing permit at issue in this case, on any historic property. See 54 U.S.C. § 306108; see also Muckleshoot Indian Tribe v. U.S. Forest Serv., 177 F.3d 800, 805 (9th Cir. 1999) ("Section 106 of NHPA is a "stop, look, and listen" provision that requires each federal agency to consider the effects of its programs."). To carry out this broad purpose, the NHPA establishes the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. See 54 U.S.C. § 304101. The Advisory Council has issued regulations to implement the NHPA, see 36 C.F.R. Part 800, and these regulations are binding on agencies, Te-Moak Tribe of W. Shoshone of Nevada v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 608 F.3d 592, 607 (9th Cir. 2010). "These regulations require that the relevant agency consult with a number of specified parties to identify historic properties, assess the adverse effects that the proposed project would have on those properties, and 'seek ways to avoid, minimize or mitigate any adverse effects.'" Mid States Coal. for Progress v. Surface Transp. Bd., 345 F.3d 520, 553 (8th Cir. 2003) (quoting 36 C.F.R. § 800.1(a)); accord Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, 177 F.3d at 805.
Federal agencies have a general duty under the Advisory Council regulations to "provide the public with information about an undertaking and its effects on historic properties and seek public comment and input." 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(d)(2). Agencies also have a specific duty to involve certain individuals and organizations, called "consulting parties," in the agency's NHPA review. See 36 C.F.R. § 800.3(f). Specifically, an agency must invite as consulting parties all state historic preservation officers, Indian tribes, local government representatives, and the project applicant when these parties meet certain statutory criteria. 36 C.F.R. §§ 800.2(c)(1)-(4), 800.3(f). In addition to those entities enumerated in section 800.2(c) as consulting parties as a matter of right, other "individuals and organizations with a demonstrated interest in the undertaking may participate as consulting parties due to the nature of their legal or economic relation to the undertaking . . . or their concern with the undertaking's effects on historic properties," 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(5), but only "if they request participation in writing and the agency determines that they should be granted consulting party status," Mid States Coal. for Progress, 345 F.3d at 553 (citing 36 C.F.R. § 800.3(f)(3)); accord Neighborhood Ass'n of The Back Bay, Inc. v. Fed. Transit Admin., 407 F. Supp. 2d 323, 334 (D. Mass. 2005), aff'd, 463 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2006).
In its prior order, this court found the Winnemen Wintu Tribe "ha[d] a sufficiently demonstrated and documented interest in [the Coonrod site] . . . to give it consulting [party] status . . . under either 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(5) (demonstrated interest) or § 800.2(d) (the public)." Order at 23. Upon reconsideration, this finding was incorrect. Under the Advisory Council's regulations, the Winnemen Wintu Tribe, a non-federally recognized Indian tribe, is not automatically entitled to consulting party status. Instead, the Tribe "may" be eligible to participate as a consulting party because it has a "demonstrated interest," 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(c)(5), but first it must request consulting party status, in writing, from the agency, 36 C.F.R. § 800.3(f)(3). The agency must then determine whether or not to grant consulting party status. Id.; see also Mid States Coal. for Progress, 345 F.3d at 553. In this case, there is no indication the Tribe requested consulting party status from the USFS, in writing or otherwise. The Tribe is therefore entitled only to general notice and comment, and to have its views considered, as a member of the public. See 36 C.F.R. § 800.2(d).
Having found the Tribe is not a consulting party by right, there is no evidence the USFS violated the NHPA. The record shows the USFS took into account the effects of issuance of the cattle grazing permit on the Coonrod site, as is mandated by section 106 of the NHPA for National Historical Places. The record also shows the USFS completed its section 106 analysis in 2007, the same year the Coonrod site was designated a National Historic Place under the NHPA. See AR 955-960. In completing the section 106 analysis, the USFS explicitly discussed and took ///// into account the cattle grazing permits at issue in this case. See AR 961. Nothing more is required.
III. CONCLUSION
Upon reconsideration, the court vacates its prior decision regarding plaintiffs' third claim based on the NHPA and the Coonrod Cultural Site, and enters judgment as follows:
1. The Winnemen Wintu Tribe's cross-motion for summary judgment on its third claim regarding the Coonrod site is DENIED;
2. The United States Forest Service's motion for summary judgment regarding this claim is GRANTED; and
3. The court's decision on the parties' other claims remains unchanged by the issuance of this decision.
This case is CLOSED.
IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED: March 22, 2017.
/s/_________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE