Opinion
No. 2:11-cv-1687 LKK AC P
01-31-2013
MARIO A. WILLIAMS, Plaintiff, v. GARY SWARTHOUT, et al., Defendants.
FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS
Plaintiff is a state prisoner who is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis on a complaint for relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The action proceeds on plaintiff's third amended complaint against three prison officials at CSP-Solano, alleging that they violated his Eighth Amendment rights when they delayed scheduling his hand surgery. ECF No. 14. Plaintiff sues the defendants in their individual capacities, and seeks money damages.
Defendants have moved to dismiss plaintiff's third amended complaint, arguing that: (1) plaintiff fails to state a claim under the Eighth Amendment; (2) plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts of defendants' individual involvement; and (3) defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. ECF No. 21. Plaintiff has opposed the motion, and defendants have replied. ECF Nos. 23, 24. For the reasons given below, the undersigned recommends that the court deny the motion to dismiss.
Background
Plaintiff's Specific Factual Allegations
Defendants are prison administrators responsible for approving, scheduling, and authorizing surgical procedures. ECF No. 14 at 2-3; 8, ¶ 15; 11, ¶ 25; ECF No. 23 at 5. Defendant Traquina is the Chief Medical Officer responsible for approving and authorizing surgical procedures. Id. Defendant Austin is the Chief Executive Officer of Health Care Services responsible for policy and procedures, and for planning and organizing the health care system. Id. Defendant Medford is a Medical Administrator responsible for the authorization of Removal for Medical Reasons Transportation. Id.
On May 21, 2009, plaintiff had spinal surgery. ECF No. 14, Third Amended Complaint ("TAC"), at 6, ¶ 2. On June 1, 2009, plaintiff submitted a "Health Care Services Request Form" complaining of pain and numbness in his right hand, including "pins and needle vibrations." Id. at 6, ¶ 3; 13. On June 3, 2009, plaintiff submitted a request form to defendants, complaining of pain in his right hand. Id. at 6, ¶ 4; 14. On that same day, plaintiff also complained to his primary care physician about the pain in his hand. Id. at 6, ¶ 4; 15.
On June 8, 2009, plaintiff saw his neurosurgeon, who diagnosed him with carpal tunnel syndrome and referred him to a hand specialist. Id. at 5-6, ¶¶ 6-7; 20. On June 25, 2009, Dr. Albert Mitchell at CSP-Solano conducted a "Nerve Conduction Study Upper Extremity" on plaintiff, with the results showing nerve damage to plaintiff's right arm and hand, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Id. at 7, ¶ 7; 23.
On August 26, 2009, plaintiff had a consultation with his neurosurgeon, who referred him to another hand surgeon. Id. at 8, ¶ 12; 28.
On September 10, 2009, plaintiff filed an inmate health care appeal to defendants complaining of pain and asking to see the hand surgeon. Id. at 8, ¶ 15; 60. The response, dated October 1, 2009 and signed by non-defendant M. de la Vega, RN, CF, reads that plaintiff's request was forwarded to the scheduling office and that "[a]s we are in the midst of changing orthopedic providers, you will be wait-listed. In the meantime, please follow up with your primary doctor for pain management." Id. at 8-9, ¶ 16; 60; ECF No. 23 at 3-4.
On October 2, 2009, plaintiff appealed the October 1, 2009 decision. See ECF No. 14 at 9, ¶ 17; 60. The first level appeal response, dated November 17, 2009 and signed by non-defendant B. McPherson, reads that plaintiff's referral to see an orthopedic hand surgeon had been approved and that he was on a waiting list to be scheduled within the next six months. Id. at 60, 62-63. The response also reads that CSP-Solano "just received a new contract for orthopedics." Id. at 63.
On November 20, 2009, plaintiff appealed the first level response. See ECF No. 14 at 9, ¶ 19; 61. The second level appeal response, dated December 28, 2009 and signed by non-defendant Y. Chen, M.D. on December 29, 2009, reads that plaintiff "can expect an appointment sometime on or before March 31, 2010. Please be advised that the Outside Scheduling Office is currently experiencing a backlog in appointments for orthopedic consultations. . . ." See ECF. No. 14 at 9-10, ¶20; 64-66.
On December 31, 2009, plaintiff appealed the second level response. See ECF No. 14 at 10, ¶ 21; 61. The Director's level decision, dated March 29, 2010 and signed by non-defendant J. Walker, reads that plaintiff's appeal was denied, and noted that plaintiff's "medical condition has been evaluated by licensed clinical staff and [plaintiff was] receiving treatment as deemed medically necessary." ECF No. 14 at 10, ¶ 22; 57-59.
On February 1, 2010, plaintiff saw orthopedic surgeon Doctor Casey, who advised plaintiff that plaintiff needed carpal tunnel release to correct the nerve damage to plaintiff's right hand. Id. at 10-11, ¶ 23; 40-41. On May 28, 2010, plaintiff had carpal tunnel release surgery performed. Id. at 11, ¶ 24; 50.
A review of the exhibits attached to plaintiff's complaint show that plaintiff filed Health Care Services Request Forms on June 1, 2009; June 3, 2009; July 26, 2009; August 2, 2009; August 15, 2009; August 29, 2009; September 7, 2009; September 23, 2009; October 6, 2009; October 13, 2009; October 22, 2009; November 13, 2009; November 17, 2009; November 28, 2009; January 9, 2010; February 12, 2010; February 20, 2010; April 24, 2010; June 26, 2010; April 5, 2011; and June 26, 2011. See ECF No. 14 at 13-51, 73-75.
By memorandum dated April 27, 2010, defendant Traquina acknowledged receipt of plaintiff's "request for interview" dated April 22, 2010 and received April 26, 2010. See ECF No. 14 at 47. The memorandum reads that plaintiff had been "scheduled for a consultation/ procedure on/around next month May 2010" and that "no specific date will be released due to security issues." Id.
Defendants Mefford and Traquina also signed off on a "Request for Authorization of Temporary Removal for Medical Reasons," arranging for plaintiff's February 1, 2010 visit to an outside orthopedics clinic. See ECF No. 14 at 40.
Plaintiff alleges that he experienced pain and suffering as a result of the delay from June 1, 2009 through May 28, 2010. Id. at 11, ¶¶ 24-25. Plaintiff continues to suffer pain, and has complained to defendants about his post-operative pain. ECF No. 14 at 11, ¶ 24. Plaintiff also alleges that he "has damage to his right hand and arm nerve damage and muscular atrophy and continues to have damage to his hand and continued symptoms. Plaintiff has injury to his arm and hand muscle deterioration and nerve damage to his right hand and arm due to Defendants' delay in scheduling surgery." See ECF No. 23 at 8, Plaintiff's Declaration, ¶ 5.
Standard of Review
Motions to Dismiss
A motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings set forth in the complaint. Vega v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 654 F.Supp.2d 1104, 1109 (E.D.Cal.2009). Under the "notice pleading" standard of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a plaintiff's complaint must provide, in part, a "short and plain" statement of plaintiff's claims showing entitlement to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); see also Paulsen v. CNF, Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). "A complaint may survive a motion to dismiss if, taking all well-pleaded factual allegations as true, it contains 'enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Coto Settlement v. Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1034 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). "'A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.'" Caviness v. Horizin Cmty. Learing Ctr., Inc., 590 F.3d 806, 812 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). The court accepts all of the facts alleged in the complaint as true and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Corrie v. Caterpillar, 503 F.3d 974, 977 (9th Cir. 2007). The court is "not, however, required to accept as true conclusory allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint, and [the court does] not necessarily assume the truth of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations." Paulsen v. CNF, Inc., 559 F.3d at 1071 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
In ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court "may generally consider only allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly subject to judicial notice." Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971, 980 n. 18 (9th Cir. 1999) ("When considering a motion for judgment on the pleadings, [the] court may consider facts that are contained in material of which the court may take judicial notice.") (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Stating a Claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.42 U.S.C. § 1983.
The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See Monell v. Department of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 692 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 370-71 (1976); Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633-34 (9th Cir. 1988). "A person 'subjects' another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made." Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978), (citing Sims v. Adams, 537 F.2d 829 (5th Cir. 1976)). The requisite causal connection can be established not only by some kind of direct personal participation in the deprivation, but also by setting in motion a series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict the constitutional injury. Id. at 743-44.
When an inmate seeks money damages, as opposed to injunctive relief, the inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties and responsibilities of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a constitutional deprivation. See Leer, 844 F.2d at 633. Sweeping conclusory allegations will not suffice to prevent summary judgment. Id. at 634. The inmate must show: (1) that the specific prison official, in acting or failing to act, was deliberately indifferent to the mandates of the Eighth Amendment; and (2) that this indifference was the actual and proximate cause of the deprivation of the inmate's right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Id. See also OSU Student Alliance v. Ray, 699 F.3d 1053, 1072, n.12 (9th Cir. 2012) ("To state a § 1983 claim against a government defendant, the plaintiff must allege that the defendant acted with sufficient culpability to breach a duty imposed by the relevant provision of federal law.")
Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 442 U.S. 941 (1979). Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
The Ninth Circuit has held that a supervisor may be liableHansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989).
if there exists either (1) his or her personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor's wrongful conduct and the constitutional violations. Supervisory liability exists even without overt personal participation in the offensive act if supervisory officials implement a policy so deficient that the policy "itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights" and is "the moving force of the constitutional violation." (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Discussion
Plaintiff alleges that defendants, who were responsible for scheduling his hand surgery, for issuing governing medical treatment policy, and for arranging transport, delayed treatment of his diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome. Plaintiff alleges that he suffered pain during the delay, about which he made the defendants repeatedly aware, and that he has suffered, among other things, nerve damage and muscular atrophy as a result of the delay.
Defendants have moved to dismiss the third amended complaint, arguing that plaintiff has failed to state an Eighth Amendment claim, that plaintiff has failed to allege sufficient facts to establish defendants' individual involvement, and that defendants are protected by qualified immunity. ECF No. 21-1 at 1.
Eighth Amendment: Deliberate Indifference to Serious Medical Needs
The Ninth Circuit has held that, in order to maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on prison medical treatment, an inmate must show "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs." See Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006):
In the Ninth Circuit, the test for deliberate indifference consists of two parts. McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050 (9th Cir. 1991), overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc). First the plaintiff must show a "serious medical need" by demonstrating that "failure to treat a prisoner's condition could result in further significant injury or the 'unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.'" Id. at 1059 (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104, 97 S.Ct. 285). Second, the plaintiff must show the defendant's response to the need was deliberately indifferent. Id. at 1060. This second prong - defendant's response to the need was deliberately indifferent - is satisfied by showing (a) a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner's pain or possible medical need and (b) harm caused by the indifference. Id. Indifference "may appear when prison officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical treatment...." Id. at 1059 (quoting Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 392 (9th Cir. 1988)). Yet, an 'inadvertent [or negligent] failure to provide adequate medical care' alone does not state a claim under § 1983. Id. (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105, 97 S.Ct. 285). A prisoner need not show his harm was substantial; however, such would provide additional support for the inmate's claim that the defendant was deliberately indifferent to his needs. Id. at 1060. If the harm is an 'isolated exception' to the defendant's 'overall treatment of the prisoner [it] ordinarily militates against a finding of deliberate indifference.' Id. (citations omitted).Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096.
The Ninth Circuit has recognized that a delay in treatment may give rise to a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when the delay results in further harm to the inmate. See, e.g., Jett, 439 F.3d at 1097 (inmate presented sufficient information to present a genuine issue of material fact where inmate had fractured his thumb yet did not see a hand specialist, as recommended by other treating doctors, for more than nineteen months after the initial injury, in which time the fracture had healed badly, resulting in continuing diminished use of the hand); Hunt v. Dental Dept., 865 F.2d 198, 200 (9th Cir. 1989); Shapely v. Nevada Bd. Of State Prison Comm'rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 1985) ("[M]ere delay of surgery, without more, is insufficient to state a claim of deliberate medical indifference....[Prisoner] would have no claim for deliberate medical indifference unless the denial was harmful.") Cf. McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1061 (9th Cir. 1992) ("unnecessary continuation of [Plaintiff's] condition and pain caused him 'harm' upon which a § 1983 claim can be based. . . ." when inmate waited more than three and half years after an injury causing massive herniation of Plaintiff's back and upper torso before receiving the surgery required to correct his condition.), overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc).
Facial Sufficiency of Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment Claims
Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts about defendants' delay of his surgery to allow those Eighth Amendment claims to go forward. Defendants correctly state the general rule that vague and conclusory allegations regarding supervisory officials are insufficient. See ECF No. 21-1 at 6. In the operative complaint, however, plaintiff does not seek to hold the defendants liable for the actions of subordinates. Rather, he sues the defendants individually on the basis of their personal roles in the delay. Plaintiff specifically alleges that each defendant had authority over the authorization and/or scheduling of his surgery, and that each had notice of his pain and urgent need for treatment. See Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. Plaintiff is entitled to an inference, at this stage, that defendants received the notice plaintiff swears he sent them. See Jett, 439 F.3d at 1098.
In their reply, filed May 21, 2012, defendants argue that "[t]he only factual allegation Williams' [sic] makes is that he notified 'prison officials' that the pain medication was not working, that his condition was worsening, and requesting surgery on many occasions. (Id.) Notably, Williams never states that he notified any named Defendant." ECF No. 24 at 4. To the extent defendants are arguing that plaintiff, in his opposition to the motion to dismiss, is not factually specific enough, defendants' argument should be overruled, as plaintiff is not required to plead sufficient facts in his opposition. The third amended complaint reads that plaintiff notified defendants of his pain. See, e.g., ECF No. 14 at 6, ¶ 4; 11, ¶ 24.
Plaintiff has additionally alleged that the delay in treatment resulted in pain during the delay, and caused further persisting damage to his hand and arm. See McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1061. Plaintiff has accordingly alleged a colorable Eighth Amendment claim based on delay in medical treatment. The court need not determine, at this stage and on this limited record, whether or not plaintiff's medical needs were purposefully ignored, or whether he was receiving appropriate, continuing care, as defendants suggest. See ECF No. 21-1 at 4-5; Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1061 (9th Cir. 2004). Those questions are beyond the scope of the Rule 12(b)(6) inquiry, which is limited to the sufficiency of the allegations to state a claim.
Nor does the court need to decide if the change in orthopedic providers to CSP-Solano excuses the delay, as defendants also suggest. ECF No. 21-1 at 5. The undersigned notes, however, that the change in providers would appear to be an administrative concern which should not ordinarily conflict with the state's responsibility to provide inmates with medical care. See Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992); Jett, 439 F.3d at 1097.
The undersigned recommends that defendants' motion to dismiss accordingly be denied.
Qualified Immunity
Generally, government officials performing discretionary functions are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not clearly violate established statutory or constitutional rights. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). If the law is clearly established, the immunity defense ordinarily should fail, since a reasonably competent public official should know the law governing his conduct. Id. at 818-19.
In this case, defendants concede as they must that the law was clearly established at the relevant times. ECF No. 21-1 at 7; ECF No. 24 at 4. The Ninth Circuit settled the law regarding deliberate indifference in the treatment of orthopedic injuries in 2006 when it decided Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2006).
However, the undersigned would be reluctant to foreclose defendants from raising the immunity defense in the future, after development of a fuller record. See Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818 (noting that immunity defense allows for resolution of insubstantial claims on summary judgment). Accordingly, the undersigned recommends that defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint on qualified immunity grounds be denied, without prejudice to renewal of the defense on summary judgment.
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendant's motion to dismiss (ECF No. 21) be denied, without prejudice to renewal of the defense of qualified immunity on summary judgment.
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-eight (28) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations." Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed within twenty-eight (28) days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
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ALLISON CLAIRE
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE