Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 02-4346
November 3, 2003
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiff is in custody serving a life sentence for a murder conviction. Pl. Dep. at 6-7. From 1994 until 2002, plaintiff was serving this sentence at SCI Graterford. Plaintiff's claims arise from this time served at SCI Graterford.
Plaintiff is a schizophrenic. Pl. Dep. at 7. He is six feet, two inches tall and approximately 253 pounds. Id. at 5. Plaintiff has a history of violent behavior and fire starting. Exh. D-2. Plaintiff hears voices and has mood swings. Id. at 56, 66. Plaintiff also believes that he is being controlled or attempted to be controlled through his ears by "security monitoring defenses with an electronic device" while at various DOC facilities throughout the state, including SCI Graterford. Id. at 64. Plaintiffs behavior has caused other inmates to be afraid of him. Pit. Dep. at 72; Feild Decl. Attachment 1.
During plaintiffs stay at SCI Graterford, there were times when plaintiff would take the psychotropic medications that were prescribed to address his schizophrenia, and there were times that he would refuse to take them. PL Dep. at 12-14, 36-39; Feild Decl. ¶ 5. a misconduct while at SCI Graterford, he was not taking his psychotropic medications. The descriptions of each of these misconducts are as follows:
On January 29, 1996, plaintiff was charged with refusing to obey an order, presence in an unauthorized area, and lying to an employee. Plaintiff had a misconduct hearing before Hearing Examiner Donald Jones, who found plaintiff guilty of refusing to obey an order and presence in an unauthorized area. As a result, he sentenced plaintiff to 30 days cell restriction. Exh, D-5; Pl. Dep. at 21-23.
On September 8, 1996, plaintiff was charged with refusing to obey an order and using abusive or obscene language to an employee. On this occasion, the misconduct Hearing Examiner was defendant Mary Canino. Plaintiff pled guilty to using abusive or obscene language to an employee. Defendant Canino found that plaintiff was not guilty of the other charge and ordered that he lose his prison job for the charge to which he pled guilty. Exh. D-6; PL Dep. at 23-24.
On November 2, 1996, plaintiff was charged with threatening an employee or his/her family, Defendant Canino found plaintiff guilty and ordered 60 days disciplinary custody. Exh. D-7; PI. Dep. at 24-26.
On August 6, 1997, plaintiff was charged with refusing to obey an order and lying to an employee. Hearing Examiner Donald James found plaintiff guilty of both charges and sentenced him to 60 days disciplinary custody. Exh. D-8; PI. Dep. 26-28.
On December 20, 2000, plaintiff was charged with threatening an employee or his/her family with bodily harm. Following plaintiffs plea of guilty to the charge, defendant Canino ordered plaintiff to serve 60 days disciplinary custody and lose his prison job. Exh. D-9; PL Dep. at 28-30.
On April 20, 2001, plaintiff was charged with threatening an employee or his/her family with bodily harm, indecent exposure, and refusing to obey an order. Defendant Canino found plaintiff guilty of the three charges and ordered 270 days disciplinary custody. Exh. D-10; PL Dep. at 31-33.
On October 5, 2001, plaintiff was charged with assault, threatening an employee or his/her family with bodily harm, using abusive, obscene, or inappropriate language to an employee, refusing to obey an order, and lying to an employee. Plaintiff pled guilty to using abuse, obscene or inappropriate language to an employee. Defendant Canino found plaintiff guilty of the remaining charges, except for lying to an employee, and ordered 180 days of disciplinary custody. Exh.D-11; PL Dep. at 34-35.
Plaintiff appealed some of the misconduct findings to defendant Vaughn, who was the Superintendent of SCI Graterford at the time. Defendant Vaughn responded to the appeals, upholding the rulings in each instance. Exh. D-9, D-10; PL Dep. 71-72.
Aside from being named on page 2 of plaintiff s Complaint in the "Defendants" section, DiGuglielmo, Buzzar and Smith are not referred to anywhere else in the Complaint. Exh. D-l. Furthermore, not one of these names came up during plaintiffs deposition.
Plaintiff fails to articulate the specific civil rights that he believes have been violated by the Commonwealth defendants. A potential, but unsuccessful, argument is that defendant Feild's requests to plaintiff to take psychotropic medication violated plaintiffs due process rights.
In Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990), the Supreme Court addressed the involuntary administration of antipsychotic drugs through forcible injection to a schizophrenic Washington state prisoner. The Court, in addressing the prisoner's substantive due process rights, held that, while prisoners have a "significant liberty interest" in not taking unwanted antipsychotic medications, this interest may be overcome where the prisoner has a serious mental illness, is dangerous to others, and treatment is in the prisoner's best interest. Id. at 227.
While the instant plaintiffs mental diagnosis is quite similar to the plaintiff in Harper, the facts regarding the administration of the instant plaintiffs medication are quite different. Namely, the instant plaintiff has never been forcibly injected with antipsychotic medications by defendant Feild or anyone else. Plaintiff was permitted to refuse the medication. There were numerous occasions during his time at SCI Graterford when plaintiff was not taking medications. As plaintiff freely admits, at the times of each of his seven misconducts that he incurred at SCI Graterford, he was not taking his medication.
While plaintiff was sanctioned for his misbehavior, he was never punished for not taking his psychotropic medications. Defendant Feild simply urged plaintiff to take this medication. Even the one incident, where defendant Feild was going to send plaintiff to the Restricted Housing Unit as a result of his disruptive behavior unless he took his medication, did not amount to the involuntary medication of plaintiff. Plaintiff had the option of taking or refusing the medication. Any transfer to a different location of the prison as a result of this decision would not give rise to any Constitutional claims, regardless of whether it was for administrative or disciplinary purposes.
In Sanding v. Conner, the Supreme Court held that an inmate's transfer to a more intensive type of custody for disciplinary reasons does not create a liberty interest, implicating due process rights, unless the change "imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life." 515 U.S. 472, 486 (1995). Subsequent to Sanding, the courts of this Circuit have repeatedly held that temporary transfers to SCI Grater ford's RHU, whether for administrative or disciplinary reasons, do not impose such hardships and thus do not create a possible due process violation. See Griffin v. Vaughn, 112 F.3d 703 (3d Cir. 1997); Johnston v. Vaughn, No. 00-1844, 2000 WL 1694029 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 13, 2000), Rauso v. Vaughn, No. 96-6977, 2000 WL 873285 (E.D. Pa. Jun. 26, 2000).
While plaintiff did spend a significant period of time in the RHU as a result of his misconducts, none of the charges related to the failure of plaintiff to take his psychotropic medication. Furthermore, even if plaintiff had been transferred to the RHU at SCI Graterford for simply not taking his medication (something that plaintiff acknowledges never happened), no due process rights would be implicated by such action.
Since the only allegations against defendant Feild involve his requests to plaintiff to take his psychotropic medication, and these actions cannot be considered a civil rights violation, the claims against this defendant cannot stand.
Plaintiffs claims against defendant Canino center upon her role as Hearing Examiner in several of plaintiffs misconduct hearings. Defendant Canino was the Hearing Examiner for five of plaintiff s misconduct hearings. Plaintiff alleges that of these five hearings, three involved the violation of his civil rights.
The three misconducts plaintiff complains about are the last three he received before his departure from SCI Graterford in 2002, numbers A-327942, A-327928 and A-293982. Plaintiffs claims have to do with the denial of witnesses and counsel at these hearing and the sentences imposed by defendant Canino. Presumably, plaintiff argues that these conditions violated his due process rights.
In Wolf v. McDonnell, the Supreme Court outlined the due process requirements applicable in prisoner disciplinary proceedings. The Court held that a prisoner is entitled to advance written notice of the charges, a written statement by the fact-finder identifying the evidence relied upon and reason for the disciplinary action taken, and the opportunity to present evidence and call witnesses. 418 U.S. 539, 563-67 (1974). The Court noted that prison officials should be given broad discretion in permitting witnesses and that "there must be mutual accommodations between institutional needs and objectives and the provisions of the Constitution that are of general application." Id. at 556, 566-67.
The Wolf court also explained that there is no right to counsel at prison disciplinary hearings. Id. at 570. Where the prisoner is illiterate, or, "due to the complexity fo the issue, the prisoner would be unable to collect and present the evidence necessary for an adequate comprehension of the case," the prisoner may seek the assistance of a fellow prisoner or, if unavailable, be assisted by staff Id.
In light of Wolf, plaintiffs claims based upon the failure of defendant Canino to provide him with counsel may be baseless. Plaintiff did request assistance in all three misconduct hearings, but he did not specify any particular individual from which he sought that assistance. Plaintiff requested that he be provided with a lawyer in two of his requests and "inmate and/or staff" in the third. However, plaintiff has never alleged that he is illiterate or baffled by the issues these misconducts involve. Even if error, the individual defendants who erred are protected by qualified immunity.
Plaintiffs claims regarding his witnesses are likewise without merit. Plaintiff pled guilty to some misconducts which, as defendant Canino noted in writing, negated the need for any witnesses.
At the hearing for another misconduct, Corrections Officer Miller appeared pursuant to plaintiffs request. Plaintiff had requested six prison guards to appear as witnesses. However, plaintiff provides no reason on the request form as to these witnesses' relevance. This omission means plaintiff has not complied with the prison's witness request procedure.
At another misconduct hearing, plaintiff requested two corrections officers as witnesses. This request was rejected by defendant Canino because plaintiffs witness request form was not timely submitted, as it was handed in at the time of the hearing. The witness request form clearly states that it must be submitted by 9:00 a.m. the first working day after the inmate receives notice of the hearing. Plaintiff admits that his request was not timely, but offers an excuse. He claims that he had filled it out in a timely manner, but he was unable to submit it because none of the guards on his cellblock would accept it.
Defendant Canino ruled that plaintiff could not have his two witnesses present since he submitted his witness request form at the start of the hearing. Defendant Canino made the decision despite plaintiffs excuse, which he provided to her. Even if defendant Canino abused her discretion, the error was harmless since the primary witness plaintiff requested was Corrections Officer Heffinger who had authored the misconduct report which contained his version of the facts that formed the basis of the misconduct. The only other witness requested was Corrections Officer Huson, Jr., who plaintiff admits was not present at the time the misconduct was issued and whose only involvement was that he served plaintiff with the notice of the misconduct hearing. Thus, his testimony would be immaterial.
Plaintiffs final civil rights claim against defendant Canino appears to be that he is generally unhappy with her decisions regarding his guilt and sentence imposed. Plaintiff points to nothing specific regarding this allegation other than the fact that plaintiff believes he is being "targeted" by prison officials. He further alleges that if defendant Canino had more thoroughly "investigated" the charges she would realize that on each occasion plaintiffs behavior, while in violation of the rules was justified which — in turn — would alter her decisions regarding his guilt and sentencing.
The Supreme Court has held that the decisions of a prison disciplinary board meet due process requirements so long as there is "some evidence" supporting the decision. Superintendent, Mass. Correctional Institution, Walpole v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455-56 (1985). The Court explained that the relevant inquiry is "whether there is any evidence in the record that could support the conclusion." Id.
All three of defendant Canino's decisions about which plaintiff complains easily meet this standard. In one misconduct, the misconduct report supports all three of the charges with which plaintiff was charged. Even plaintiffs written version of the events generally coincides with the actions described in the misconduct report. There was an abundance of evidence supporting defendant Canino's decision to find plaintiff guilty.
In another misconduct, the misconduct report gives a detailed explanation of the facts leading to the misconduct issuance. Plaintiff pled guilty to one of the charges and not guilty to the other four. After plaintiff presented his verison of the events, defendant Canino found plaintiff guilty of the remaining four charges. The facts provided in the misconduct report supported defendant Canino's decision. The misconduct report alone provides enough evidence to meet the "some evidence" standard. Carter v. Kane, 938 F. Supp. 282, 287 (E.D. Pa. 1996).
Likewise, plaintiffs sentences for violating prison rules do not raise due process violations. "Discipline by prison officials in response to a wide range of misconduct falls within the expected perimeter of the sentence imposed by a court law. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 485.
Plaintiffs claims against defendant Vaughn are based solely upon the fact that he sustained the actions of defendant Canino. Plaintiff appealed some misconducts to defendant Vaughn, who upheld the decisions since there were no procedural errors at the hearings.
The claims against Vaughn cannot stand. See Bey v. Pa. Dept. of Corrections, 98 F. Supp.2d 650, 664 (E.D. Pa. 2000). It is well-established that the theory of respondeat superior is inapplicable for civil rights violations by individuals acting under color of state law. Durmer v. O'Carroll, 991 F.2d 64, 69 n. 14 (3d Cir. 1993).
For acts allegedly taken in their individual capacity, "`defendants] in a civil rights action must have personal involvement' to be liable." Sutton v. Rasheed, 323 F.3d 236, 249 (3d Cir. 2003) ( quoting Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d Cir. 1988)). This involvement may also be demonstrated through allegations of participation or actual knowledge and acquiescence in the violation. Rode, 845 F.3d at 1207. None of the remaining Commonwealth defendants are even alleged to have personally participated in a violation.
DiGuglielmo, Buzzar, and Smith, whose names appear in the "Defendants" section of the plaintiffs Complaint, are not mentioned anywhere else in the Complaint, including the "Statement of the Case" section, which instructs the writer to list each defendant's involvement. Additionally, plaintiff did not make reference to these three individuals during his deposition.
The omission of a defendant's name from the material allegations of a complaint justifies dismissal of the Complaint against that defendant. Marvasi v. Shorty, 70 F.R.D. 14, 22-23 (E.D. Pa. 1976) (citing United States ex reel. Tyler v. Speaker, 471 F.2d 1197 (3d Cir. 1973)). By the same token, where there is no indication in the pleadings that a defendant played any role in the challenged conduct, the claims against that defendant are subject to dismissal. E.g., Eckford-El v. Toombs, 760 F. Supp. 1267, 1272-73 (W.D. Mich. 1991); Hodgkin v. Agents of Montgomery County, 619 F. Supp. 1550, 1554, (E.D. Pa. 1985).
Since DiGuglielmo, Buzzar, and Smith had absolutely no personal involvement in the alleged civil rights violations, any damage claims against them in their individual capacities should be dismissed.
The Commonwealth defendants, as state officials, are entitled to the protection of qualified immunity. Qualified immunity protects government officials from damages liability in § 1983 suits unless there has been a constitutional violation of a clearly established right. Conn v. Gabber, 526 U.S. 286, 290 (1999).
In determining the applicability of this immunity, the initial inquiry is whether there has been in fact a constitutional violation. Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 736 (2002) (citing Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001)). Even if so, the second step is to determine whether the right violated was clearly established. Hope, 536 U.S. at 739 (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982)). "For a constitutional right to be clearly established, its contours `must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.'" Hope, 536 U.S. at 739 (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 6354, 640 (1987)). The alleged rights in question here — the right of a schizophrenic inmate to be free from requests to take his psychotropic medication, and the right to have counsel and any desired witnesses at a prison misconduct hearing — are certainly not clearly established under the facts and circumstances of this case.
Even if any of the Commonwealth defendants did, somehow violate plaintiffs constitutional rights, the violation was not of a clearly established right. Thus, they are shielded from a § 1983 damages claim by qualified immunity.
An appropriate Order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 3rd day of November, 2003, upon consideration of the Commonwealth defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, it is hereby ORDERED that the said Motion is GRANTED.