Summary
In White v. Badalamenti, 200 Mich. App. 434; 505 N.W.2d 8 (1993), the plaintiff, a licensee, slipped and fell on ice that had accumulated in a depression on the defendants' sidewalk.
Summary of this case from Altairi v. AlhajOpinion
Docket No. 136372.
Submitted February 4, 1993, at Detroit.
Decided April 8, 1993; approved for publication June 25, 1993, at 9:05 A.M.
Alan H. Broad, for the plaintiff.
John C. Candela, for the defendant.
Before: WAHLS, P.J., and MICHAEL J. KELLY and CONNOR, JJ.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's dismissal of her "slip and fall" claim pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We reverse.
On a drizzly January night, plaintiff was walking up to defendants' house. Defendants had been baby-sitting plaintiff's daughter. As plaintiff stepped on the front walk, she slipped on some ice and hurt herself. The ice had accumulated in a half-inch-deep depression in the walk that had been there since defendants bought the house over fifteen years earlier.
Plaintiff filed this action, alleging that she was injured as a result of defendants' breach of a duty owed her. Following discovery, defendants moved for summary disposition, arguing that their duty to plaintiff was extremely limited and that there was no evidence that they had breached that limited duty. The trial court agreed, finding that plaintiff was a licensee on defendants' property, not an invitee, and that the condition of the sidewalk did not involve an unreasonable risk of harm.
Plaintiff argues on appeal that the trial court erred in deciding whether she was an invitee or licensee, and erred in deciding that the sidewalk did not pose an unreasonable risk of harm. We agree.
A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a claim, and it should only be granted if, giving the nonmoving party the benefit of every reasonable doubt, it is impossible for the claim to be supported at trial. Paterek v 6000 Limited, 186 Mich. App. 445, 447; 465 N.W.2d 342 (1990). Whether someone is an invitee or a licensee on another's property may be a question of fact where persons of average intelligence can disagree over whether the guest is on the property for a social purpose or to render a service beneficial to the owner of the property. See Leveque v Leveque, 41 Mich. App. 127, 131; 199 N.W.2d 675 (1972). We think the trial court improperly decided a question of fact in this case. To be an invitee, plaintiff's presence on defendants' land must have been related to an activity of some tangible benefit to defendants. See Kreski v Modern Wholesale Electric Supply Co, 429 Mich. 347, 359; 415 N.W.2d 178 (1987); Preston v Sleziak, 383 Mich. 442, 450; 175 N.W.2d 759 (1970). It is true that plaintiff did not pay defendants money to baby-sit her daughter. That does not mean that defendants derived no tangible benefit from caring for the girl and that the parties' relationship must have been social. Plaintiff's deposition testimony indicates that from time to time she would baby-sit defendants' niece. The deposition supports a reasonable inference that, rather than a social visit, the plaintiff's presence on defendants' property was part of a mutually beneficial, albeit informal, exchange of services.
We also find that the trial court erred in ruling that as a matter of law defendants had not breached the duty a landowner owes a licensee. A possessor of land is liable for injuries to a licensee caused by a condition on the land if the possessor has reason to know of the condition, should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm, should expect that licensees will not discover the danger, and fails to exercise reasonable care either to make the condition safe or to warn licensees of the danger. Wert v Afton, 190 Mich. App. 3, 5; 475 N.W.2d 403 (1991), quoting Preston, supra at 453. However, a possessor of land owes no duty regarding open and obvious dangers. See Riddle v McLouth Steel Products Corp, 440 Mich. 85, 99-100; 485 N.W.2d 676 (1992).
In this case, viewing the condition of the walk and the length of time the condition had existed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we think the question whether defendants breached the duty owed licensees must be left to the finder of fact. See Forche v Gieseler, 174 Mich. App. 588, 597; 436 N.W.2d 437 (1989). A finder of fact could well decide that the danger posed by the condition of the walk was not noticeable to the ordinary user upon casual inspection, and that plaintiff's injuries were the result of defendants' breach of the duty owed licensees.
We note that the facts in this case are significantly different from those in Novotney v Burger King Corp (On Remand), 198 Mich. App. 470; 499 N.W.2d 379 (1993), where this Court held a handicap access ramp at a fast-food restaurant to be an open and obvious danger as a matter of law.
Reversed.