Opinion
2019–08581 Index No. 11648/12
07-21-2021
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., etc., respondent, v. Seema KURIAN, appellant, et al., defendant.
Biolsi Law Group, P.C., New York, N.Y. (Steven Alexander Biolsi of counsel), for appellant. Knuckles, Komosinski & Manfro, LLP, Elmsford, N.Y. (Daria M. Gold of counsel), for respondent.
Biolsi Law Group, P.C., New York, N.Y. (Steven Alexander Biolsi of counsel), for appellant.
Knuckles, Komosinski & Manfro, LLP, Elmsford, N.Y. (Daria M. Gold of counsel), for respondent.
HECTOR D. LASALLE, P.J., MARK C. DILLON, SYLVIA O. HINDS–RADIX, BETSY BARROS, JJ.
OPINION & ORDER
DILLON, J. This appeal presents a simple issue involving the straightforward provisions of CPLR 321(c), but in a factual posture that is of first impression in the Second Department. The initial attorney representing the defendant Seema Kurian (hereinafter the defendant) was suspended from the practice of law, which triggered the automatic stay provision of CPLR 321(c). Here, the plaintiff moved, inter alia, for summary judgment on the complaint insofar as asserted against the defendant without first serving a CPLR 321(c) notice to appoint new counsel. Nonetheless, new counsel appeared for the defendant and opposed the motion. The novel question presented is whether noncompliance with the notice provision of CPLR 321(c) at the time a motion is made renders the Supreme Court's determination of the motion unenforceable. For reasons that follow, we hold that under such circumstances, the defendant waived the protective provisions of CPLR 321(c).
The underlying facts of this appeal are typical of many residential mortgage foreclosure actions in New York. On June 1, 2012, the plaintiff commenced this action against the defendant, among others, by the filing of a summons and complaint, alleging that the defendant had defaulted on the note secured by the mortgaged premises. On July 2, 2012, the defendant, represented by counsel, interposed an answer with counterclaims. Eight months later, on March 12, 2013, the defendant's attorney was suspended from the practice of law. The suspension of counsel had the effect of automatically staying the action by operation of CPLR 321(c). According to the plaintiff, the defendant failed to notify the parties or the Supreme Court of her attorney's suspension from the practice of law.
CPLR 321(c) consists of one sentence. It provides:
"If an attorney dies, becomes physically or mentally incapacitated, or is removed, suspended or otherwise becomes disabled at any time before judgment, no further proceeding shall be taken in the action against the party for whom he [or she] appeared, without leave of the court, until thirty days after notice to
appoint another attorney has been served upon that party either personally or in such manner as the court directs."
Approximately one year passed from the defendant's attorney's suspension from the practice of law. The plaintiff, perhaps not knowing of the suspension of the defendant's attorney, never served upon the defendant any notice that a new attorney be appointed to act on her behalf. On April 8, 2014, the plaintiff moved, inter alia, for summary judgment on the complaint insofar as asserted against the defendant and for an order of reference. A mere six days later and prior to the motion's return date, new counsel appeared on behalf of the defendant. Indeed, on June 5, 2014, the defendant's new counsel served papers opposing the plaintiff's motion, and cross-moved to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against the defendant on the ground that the defendant never signed a loan modification agreement underlying her alleged default in payments.
In an order dated October 10, 2014, the Supreme Court granted the plaintiff's motion, inter alia, for summary judgment and denied the defendant's cross motion to dismiss. The defendant thereafter filed a pro se notice of appeal from the order, but the appeal was never perfected.
The defendant's third counsel appeared on July 20, 2016. In an order and judgment of foreclosure and sale dated January 31, 2017, the Supreme Court granted the plaintiff's unopposed motion, inter alia, for a judgment of foreclosure and sale and directed the sale of the subject property. On October 26, 2017, the defendant moved by order to show cause, inter alia, to stay the foreclosure sale and to vacate the order and judgment of foreclosure and sale. The defendant argued that since the automatic stay of CPLR 321(c) was in effect on the date that the plaintiff filed its initial motion, inter alia, for summary judgment and for an order of reference, the motion was invalid, and any orders predicated upon those papers were null and void. The Supreme Court denied the defendant's motion in the order appealed from, entered November 28, 2018.
We affirm.
There are times in litigation when a party's attorney dies, becomes physically or mentally incapacitated, is removed or suspended from the practice of law, or otherwise becomes disabled. These events occur through no fault of the party. Professor Vincent C. Alexander has summarized the disabling events within the scope of CPLR 321(c) as circumstances of force majeure (see Vincent C. Alexander, Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, CPLR C321:3).
Here, the defendant's loss of counsel was occasioned by the attorney's suspension from the practice of law. The number of attorneys who are suspended from practicing law is, thankfully, limited. However, when it occurs, as with an attorney's death, incapacitation, removal from an action, or other disability, CPLR 321(c) protects the client by automatically staying the action from the date of the disabling event. The obvious purpose of the stay is to vest the party who has lost counsel with a reasonable opportunity to obtain new counsel before further proceedings are taken (see Moray v. Koven & Krause, Esqs., 15 N.Y.3d 384, 389, 912 N.Y.S.2d 547, 938 N.E.2d 980 ; Matter of Cassini, 182 A.D.3d 13, 41, 120 N.Y.S.3d 103 ; Hendry v. Hilton, 283 App.Div. 168, 171, 127 N.Y.S.2d 454 ; Franklin Natl. Bank v. Lake Credit Corp., 58 Misc.2d 981, 982, 297 N.Y.S.2d 288 [Sup. Ct., Nassau County] ) and thereby avoid prejudice that might conceivably arise from the absence of counsel in the interim (see Fusco v. Shailya Taxi Corp., 267 A.D.2d 86, 88, 700 N.Y.S.2d 7 ). Orders or judgments that are rendered in violation of the stay provisions of CPLR 321(c) must be vacated (see Duandre Corp. v. Golden Krust Caribbean Bakery & Grill, 140 A.D.3d 481, 31 N.Y.S.3d 884 ; Soldovieri v. Flack, 106 A.D.3d 717, 719, 966 N.Y.S.2d 104 ; Galletta v. Siu–Mei Yip, 271 A.D.2d 486, 705 N.Y.S.2d 409 ; McGregor v. McGregor, 212 A.D.2d 955, 956, 622 N.Y.S.2d 995 ; Brogan v. Mary Immaculate Hosp. Div. of Catholic Med. Ctr. of Brooklyn & Queens, Inc., 209 A.D.2d 663, 664, 619 N.Y.S.2d 325 ; Feola v. Moore McCormack Lines, Inc., 101 A.D.2d 784, 784–785, 475 N.Y.S.2d 867 ). The express language of CPLR 321(c) sets no particular time limit to the stay of proceedings that is automatically triggered by a qualifying event. Of course, the shield of a stay should not be used as an indefinite sword against any continuation of the action. CPLR 321(c) therefore provides any adversary party with a mechanism for lifting a stay—by serving a notice upon the nonrepresented party to obtain a new attorney. The notice is to be served personally or in such other manner as the court directs (see CPLR 321[c] ). Once the notice contemplated by CPLR 321(c) is properly served (see Matter of Allstate Ins. Co. v. Phillips, 128 A.D.2d 518, 519, 512 N.Y.S.2d 451 ), the automatic stay of the action remains in effect for another 30 days, but is then lifted upon the expiration of that period. Thus, there are actually two ways in which a CPLR 321(c) stay may be lifted. One way is if the party that lost its counsel retains new counsel at its own initiative, or otherwise communicates an intention to proceed pro se (see Small Bus. Admin. v. Mills, 203 A.D.2d 654, 655, 610 N.Y.S.2d 371 ; Telmark, Inc. v. Mills, 199 A.D.2d 579, 580–581, 604 N.Y.S.2d 324 ). The second way is by means of the above-described notice procedure pursuant to CPLR 321(c) (see Matter of Cassini, 182 A.D.3d at 41, 120 N.Y.S.3d 103 ; Leonard Johnson & Sons Enters. v. Brighton Commons Partnership, 171 A.D.2d 1059, 1060, 569 N.Y.S.2d 40 ; Carder v. Ramos, 163 A.D.2d 732, 733, 558 N.Y.S.2d 322 ).
Here, the plaintiff moved, inter alia, for summary judgment on the complaint insofar as asserted against the defendant and for an order of reference on April 8, 2014, at a time when no event allowing for the lifting of the CPLR 321(c) stay had yet occurred. No new attorney had yet appeared on behalf of the defendant, and there is no indication that the defendant had elected to proceed pro se in the action during that time. Moreover, the plaintiff moved for summary judgment without having served a CPLR 321(c) notice demanding the appointment of new counsel and without abiding by the statutorily mandated 30–day waiting period that follows the notice.
Nevertheless, the defendant's new counsel formally appeared in the action six days after the plaintiff's summary judgment motion was filed, submitted papers in opposition to that motion, and cross-moved to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against the defendant, all within the original or adjusted briefing schedule. The defendant's opposition papers and cross motion were considered by the Supreme Court on the merits. As a result, the protection afforded to parties under CPLR 321(c) when attorneys die or are incapacitated, removed, suspended, or otherwise disabled was no longer necessary or relevant, as the defendant had obtained counsel who timely opposed the plaintiff's summary judgment motion and who sought affirmative relief by means of a cross motion to dismiss the complaint. The appearance and activities of the defendant's new counsel operated, in effect, as a waiver of the protections otherwise afforded to the defendant by CPLR 321(c) (cf. Elmhurst Iron Works v. Alfieri Gen. Contr. Co., 45 A.D.2d 971, 972, 359 N.Y.S.2d 589 ).
Waiver has long been defined as the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known right (see Clark v. West, 193 N.Y. 349, 360, 86 N.E. 1 ). It is a doctrine of general application confined to "no particular class of cases" but which "implies an election to dispense with something of value, or forego some advantage which the party waiving it might at its option have demanded or insisted upon" ( id. at 360, 86 N.E. 1 ). Here, the defendant retained new counsel while the CPLR 321(c) stay of proceedings was in effect, and timely opposed the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. Under such circumstances, the defendant elected to forego the protections afforded by CPLR 321(c).
Therefore, we hold that even in the absence of service of a notice to appoint new counsel upon the unrepresented party as procedurally required by CPLR 321(c), a continuing stay under the statute may be waived by the unrepresented party's affirmative conduct of retaining new counsel, effective as of the time that new counsel formally appears in an action. Here, since the defendant's waiver of the stay occurred before her opposition papers were due in response to the plaintiff's motion, inter alia, for summary judgment and for an order of reference, the fact that the plaintiff filed its motion on an earlier date, when the stay was still in effect, is of no moment. Further, in regards to the suspension of the original attorney of record, the defendant's opposition papers and cross motion did not include any argument, at that time, that the motion before the Supreme Court violated the stay provisions of CPLR 321(c), further bolstering our conclusion that any issue regarding the existence of a stay had been waived (see Matter of Cassini, 182 A.D.3d 13, 120 N.Y.S.3d 103 ).
The facts of this appeal are distinguishable from Livore v. Malik, 305 A.D.2d 641, 760 N.Y.S.2d 225, as relied upon by the defendant. In Livore, the Supreme Court granted a defendant's unopposed motion for summary judgment when neither the court nor the parties were aware that the plaintiff's attorney had been suspended from the practice of law. This Court held that an order and a judgment of the Supreme Court must be vacated, as they were entered in violation of CPLR 321(c) (see Livore v. Malik, 305 A.D.2d at 641, 760 N.Y.S.2d 225 ). In Livore, an order and a judgment were entered in violation of CPLR 321(c) while the action was stayed, whereas here, the appearance and participation of the defendant's new counsel operated as a waiver of the statutory stay. Thus, Livore does not control the result here.
The defendant failed to provide a record that is adequate for us to conduct meaningful review of her contention regarding the vacatur of an interlocutory order of dismissal by a justice of coordinate jurisdiction (see South Point, Inc. v. Rana, 139 A.D.3d 935, 936, 30 N.Y.S.3d 710 ; Cohen v. Wallace & Minchenberg, 39 A.D.3d 689, 689–690, 833 N.Y.S.2d 623 ). The defendant's remaining contentions are without merit.
Accordingly, the order is affirmed.
ORDERED that the order is affirmed, with costs.
LASALLE, P.J., HINDS–RADIX and BARROS, JJ., concur.