Opinion
No. 39671.
September 9, 1946.
1. APPEAL AND ERROR: Transcript Filed After 90 Days: Order Extending Time Not Shown: Rule of Leniency. The transcript was not filed within 90 days and shows no order extending the time as required by Sec. 135 Civil Code and Rule 1.04. But the rule of leniency will be applied since the Code and the Rules were new.
2. APPEAL AND ERROR: Negligence: Railroads: Second Appeal: Ruling of Submissible Case on Prior Appeal Followed. There was no substantial difference in the evidence at the second trial and the Supreme Court will follow its ruling on the first appeal that plaintiff made a submissible case of negligence of defendant in moving without warning a boxcar which plaintiff was unloading.
3. NEGLIGENCE: Trial: Instruction Upheld. Plaintiff's instruction was not based on a theory not supported by the evidence. It was in the conjunctive and fairly presented the entire situation shown by the evidence. It required proper findings and did not unduly emphasize the alleged failure to warn. And any confusion in the instruction was cured by defendant's instruction.
4. NEGLIGENCE: Trial: Instruction Not a Roving Commission to Jury. Plaintiff's instruction required sufficient facts to be found, and was not a roving commission to the jury.
5. DAMAGES: Trial: Excessive Verdict Reduced: New Trial Not Required. A verdict of $75,000, reduced by remittitur to $25,000, did not establish that defendant did not have a fair trial.
Appeal from Circuit Court of City of St. Louis. — Hon. William H. Killoren, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
Warner Fuller and Arnot L. Sheppard for appellant.
(1) There is no proof by respondent that the reels were moving when he jumped out of the car. Adelsberger v. Sheehy, 59 S.W.2d 644; Steele v. Railroad, 265 Mo. 97. (2) But had he testified that the reels in the south end moved north, his testimony would have been contrary to physical laws. Dunn v. Alton R. Co., 340 Mo. 1037, 104 S.W.2d 311. (3) The evidence fails to show actual or constructive knowledge on the part of the switching crew of respondent's presence in the car. Therefore, his evidence fails to show a situation which created a duty upon the switching crew to warn him the car was to be moved. Consequently, failure to warn could not have been the proximate cause of respondent's injury. Lovell v. K.C. Sou. R. Co., 121 Mo. App. 466, 97 S.W. 193; Cunningham v. Philadelphia Reading R. Co., 249 Pa. 134, 94 A. 467; Campbell v. N.Y., N.H. H.R. Co., 92 Conn. 322, 102 A. 597. (4) Respondent's primary theory of recovery is that he was not warned of the intended movement of the car, and that appellant's employees negligently failed to discover his presence in the car. For these reasons he is bound by his testimony that no one looked into the car; and cannot now rely upon Ganzenbach's contradictory testimony that he looked into the car. Meese v. Thompson, Trustee, etc., 344 Mo. 177, 129 S.W.2d 847; Trower v. M.-K.-T.R. Co., 347 Mo. 900, 149 S.W.2d 792; Draper v. L. N.R. Co., 348 Mo. 886, 156 S.W.2d 626. (5) Before negligence may be the proximate cause of an injury, the injury (a) must have been the natural and probable result of the negligent act, and (b) must have been reasonably foreseeable in the light of attending circumstances. Brady v. Southern R. Co., 320 U.S. 476, 88 L.Ed. 239. (6) To justify respondent's reliance upon the existence of an emergency compelling him to jump from the car, his proof must show: (a) the existence of an actual emergency or at least such an appearance of immediate danger that an ordinarily prudent person would have rational grounds for believing the appearance to be a fact; (b) that the emergency resulted from defendant's negligence; and (c) that the emergency did not result from the concurrent negligence of plaintiff and defendant. Hall v. St. L.-S.F.R. Co., 240 S.W. 175; Shaw v. Fulkerson, 96 S.W.2d 495; 45 C.J., sec. 519, p. 966. (7) Not only does the evidence fail to prove that appellant was negligent and that its negligence was the proximate cause of respondent's injury; but it establishes beyond doubt that the proximate cause (whether the creation of the hazard or respondent's jumping be considered as the proximate cause) was a separate, independent and intervening act of respondent himself, viz., either the loosening of the reels or his jumping from the car, for neither of which was appellant responsible. This court has clearly delineated the characteristics of an independent intervening cause. Smith v. Mabrey, 348 Mo. 644, 154 S.W.2d 770; Kennedy v. Independent Quarry Construction Co., 316 Mo. 782, 291 S.W. 475. (8) Respondent's Instruction 1 is erroneous because it predicates a recovery upon a theory which is not supported by any evidence. It hypothesizes that "the reels of cable . . . started to move and roll . . . and that the rolling and shifting . . . made it dangerous and unsafe for plaintiff to remain in said car." (9) The instruction is confusing and misleading. The direct cause of his jumping from the car was either the alleged emergency claimed to have been created by the alleged rolling reels or his jumping from the car, either of which was obviously an independent intervening cause; and, moreover, the proximate cause. Smith v. Mabrey, 348 Mo. 644, 154 S.W.2d 770; Kennedy v. Independent Quarry Construction Co., 316 Mo. 782, 291 Mo. 475. (10) It fails to present fairly the entire situation shown by the evidence. Peppers v. St. L.-S.F.R. Co., 316 Mo. 1104, 295 S.W. 757; Millhauser v. K.C. Pub. Serv. Co., 55 S.W.2d 673; Freeman v. Berberich, 60 S.W.2d 393. (11) The instruction does not require the jury to find any facts by which appellant's switching crew would be actually or constructively notified of the likelihood of respondent's presence in the car; but proceeds upon the theory that appellant's employees were in duty bound to warn him regardless of the circumstances. Lovell v. K.C. So. R. Co., 121 Mo. App. 466, 97 S.W. 193; Cunningham v. Philadelphia Reading R. Co., 249 Pa. 134, 94 A. 467; Campbell v. N.Y., N.H. H.R. Co., 92 Conn. 322, 102 A. 597. (12) It gives the jury a roving commission to find the existence of the duty to warn upon any facts which seemed to it properly to warrant such a conclusion. Allen v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 294 S.W. 80; Allen v. Quercus Lbr. Co., 190 Mo. App. 399, 177 S.W. 753; Wojtylak v. Kansas Texas Coal Co., 188 Mo. 260. (13) The instruction unduly emphasizes the alleged failure of appellant to warn, and unduly de-emphasizes appellant's proof of warning; and is for that reason misleading. Sec authorities under (10), supra; Weinel v. Hesse, 174 S.W.2d 903. (14) The verdict of the jury in the sum of $75,000, is so grossly excessive as to establish conclusively that appellant did not have a fair trial. Minneapolis, St. P. S.S.M.R. Co., 283 U.S. 520, 75 L.Ed. 1243; Jones v. P.R. Co., 182 S.W.2d 157.
Charles P. Noell for respondent; Douglas H. Jones of counsel.
(1) The previous opinion of this Court on a former appeal properly held that plaintiff had made a submissible case. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 182 S.W.2d 607. (2) That holding was correct and became the law of this case. Morris v. DuPont de Nemours, 346 Mo. 126, 139 S.W.2d 984; Trower v. M.-K.-T.R. Co., 184 S.W.2d 428; Davidson v. St. Louis-S.F.R. Co., 301 Mo. 79, 256 S.W. 169. (3) Plaintiff proved a sudden emergency arose. His evidence was not contradictory and was not self-destructive. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 182 S.W.2d 607. (4) Defendant had notice of plaintiff's presence in the car. The facts showed that defendant had knowledge of plaintiff's presence. The court so held in its previous opinion. That became the law of this case. The law generally holds defendant liable where a car is moved without warning. This car was moved without warning and defendant is liable. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn, 182 S.W.2d 607. (5) Defendant's switch foreman testified he looked in the car. Plaintiff was in the car. When "to look is to see," defendant's employee is held to have seen plaintiff in the car. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 182 S.W.2d 607; Beal v. St. Louis-S.F. Ry. Co., 256 S.W. 733; Logan v. Chicago, B. Q.R. Co., 300 Mo. 611, 254 S.W. 705; English v. Wabash Ry. Co., 341 Mo. 550, 108 S.W.2d 51; Dutcher v. Wabash R. Co., 241 Mo. 137, 145 S.W. 63; Hoelzel v. Chicago, R.I. P. Ry. Co., 337 Mo. 61, 85 S.W.2d 126. (6) Circumstantial evidence of actual knowledge of plaintiff's presence is conclusive. Payne v. Reed, 332 Mo. 343, 59 S.W.2d 43; McCain v. Trenton Gas Electric Co., 222 Mo. App. 1146, 15 S.W.2d 970; Ellis v. Metropolitan St. Ry. Co., 234 Mo. 657, 138 S.W. 23. (7) Railroad cannot be excused from liability for moving a car without warning and it is not necessary to prove actual knowledge. Carner v. St. Louis-S.F. Ry. Co., 338 Mo. 257, 89 S.W.2d 947; Neal v. Curtis Co. Mfg. Co., 328 Mo. 389, 41 S.W.2d 543; Johnson v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 191 S.W.2d 676. (8) Defendant's failure to warn of movement of car was proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. The previous opinion so held and the facts of the instant case so show. The evidence was ample to prove a submissible case of failure to warn. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 182 S.W.2d 607; Wright v. Spieldoch, 354 Mo. 1076. (9) Emergency. Defendant's negligent act created a compelling emergency which forced plaintiff to escape imminent peril. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 182 S.W.2d 607; Kleiber v. People's Ry. Co., 107 Mo. 240, 17 S.W. 946; 45 C.J., pp. 962, 963; Menard v. Goltra, 328 Mo. 368, 40 S.W.2d 1053; Hall v. Frisco Ry., 240 S.W. 175; Parker v. Frisco Ry., 41 S.W.2d 386; Jenkins v. Kurn, 348 Mo. 942, 156 S.W.2d 668, 61 S.Ct. 934, 313 U.S. 256; Bartlett v. Taylor, 168 S.W.2d 168; Clark v. A. E. Bridge Co., 324 Mo. 544, 24 S.W.2d 143. (10) Plaintiff not bound by contradictory evidence of defendant's witnesses. Walsh v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 182 S.W.2d 607; Rodan v. St. Louis Transit Co., 207 Mo. 382, 105 S.W. 1061; Draper v. L. N.R. Co., 348 Mo. 886, 156 S.W.2d 266; Smith v. Kansas City Pub. Serv. Co., 43 S.W.2d 548; Jones v. C., R.I. P.R. Co., 108 S.W.2d 94; Perryman v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 31 S.W.2d 4; Smith v. K.C. Pub. Serv. Co., 328 Mo. 979, 43 S.W.2d 548; Clancy v. St. Louis Transit Co., 192 Mo. 615, 91 S.W. 500; Beier v. St. Louis Transit Co., 197 Mo. 215, 94 S.W. 876. (11) Weight of evidence. Plaintiff's verdict is supported by clear, cogent and convincing testimony. Appellate courts will not weigh conflicting evidence, but will affirm verdict where supported by substantial evidence. Pickett v. Cooper, 192 S.W.2d 412; State ex rel. Interstate Oil Co. v. Bland, 190 S.W.2d 227; Mooney v. Terminal Railroad Assn., 186 S.W.2d 450. (12) Respondent's Instruction 1 was correct. (13) Defendant waived claimed errors by submitting the same issues to the jury under its own given instructions. Cole v. St. Louis-S.F.R. Co., 332 Mo. 999, 61 S.W.2d 344; Fowlkes v. Fleming, 322 Mo. 718, 17 S.W.2d 511; Gary v. Averill, 12 S.W.2d 747; Foster v. Kansas City, C.C. St. J. Ry. Co., 325 Mo. 18, 26 S.W.2d 770; Perkins v. Terminal R. Assn. of St. Louis, 340 Mo. 868, 102 S.W.2d 915; Goslin v. Kurn, 173 S.W.2d 79; Easterly v. American Institute of Steel Construction, 349 Mo. 605, 162 S.W.2d 825; Griffith v. Delico Meat Products Co., 347 Mo. 28, 145 S.W.2d 431; Evans v. Atchison, T. S.F. Ry. Co., 345 Mo. 147, 131 S.W.2d 604; Perry v. Missouri-Kansas-Texas R. Co., 340 Mo. 1052, 104 S.W.2d 332; Lyons v. St. Joseph Belt Ry. Co., 341 Mo. 733, 84 S.W.2d 933; State ex rel. St. Joseph Belt Ry. Co. v. Shain, 108 S.W.2d 351. (14) An award of $25,000 for a man permanently crippled, with thirty years expectancy, earning $175 per week, is not excessive. In considering the claimed excessiveness of the verdict this court will accept the evidence most favorable to plaintiff. Wright v. Spieldoch, 354 Mo. 1076; Becker v. Ashen, 344 Mo. 1107, 131 S.W.2d 533. (15) This court will not disturb a verdict for claimed excessiveness where it is not grossly excessive. Gieseking v. Litchfield Madison R. Co., 344 Mo. 672, 127 S.W.2d 700; Jones v. Pennsylvania Railroad, 182 S.W.2d 157; Schroeder v. Wells, 298 S.W. 806; Plater v. Kansas City, 344 Mo. 842, 68 S.W.2d 800; McNatt v. Wabash R. Co., 341 Mo. 516, 108 S.W.2d 33; Mickel v. Thompson, 348 Mo. 991, 156 S.W.2d 712; Webb v. M.-K.-T.R. Co., 116 S.W.2d 27. (16) Many larger verdicts have been sustained for similar injuries. Mickel v. Thompson, 348 Mo. 991, 156 S.W.2d 721; Cotton v. Ship-By-Truck Co., 337 Mo. 270, 85 S.W.2d 80; Simmons v. Kansas City Jockey, Club, 334 Mo. 99, 66 S.W.2d 119; Capstick v. Sayman Products Co., 327 Mo. 1, 34 S.W.2d 481; Margulis v. Natl. Enameling Stamping Co., 324 Mo. 420, 23 S.W.2d 1049.
On July 24, 1942, plaintiff, while employed as an electrician at the armor plant then being constructed by General Steel Castings Company at Madison, Illinois, was injured, during a switching operation, when he jumped out of the freight car which he was assisting in unloading. The freight car was loaded with 18 reels of electric cable, each weighing from 1800 to 2200 pounds. He sued defendant, Terminal Railroad Association, alleging its servants and agents coupled a locomotive into the car in which he was working, causing the reels of cable to roll and shift, and making it highly dangerous for him to remain therein, and that, discovering himself in danger in the emergency thus created, he jumped from the freight car, and sustained the injuries sued for. The alleged negligence upon which the cause was submitted consisted of the following: That it was the duty of defendant not to couple into and move the car without first giving notice or warning thereof to plaintiff, and that, disregarding their duties in that respect, and without giving any warning or notice whatsoever of their intention to couple into and move the car plaintiff was working in, defendants agents and servants did then and there couple into and move the said car, causing the reels and cable to roll and shift, which necessitated plaintiff in the emergency to jump from said car, injuring him as thereinafter described. The answer contained a general denial, and pleaded contributory negligence in that plaintiff remained in the car after he had been warned that it was to be moved and after he had had sufficient time to get out before it was moved; that he jumped out of the moving car without any reason for doing so when by remaining in it he would have been in a reasonably safe condition; and that if plaintiff desired to get out of the car, he could have done so prior to the time he jumped, and immediately as [194] soon as the car started moving, but that he waited until the car had moved some distance and had increased its speed before trying to get out of the car.
This is the second appeal of the case to this court. On the former appeal, judgment for plaintiff for $25,000.00 was reversed, and the cause remanded. 353 Mo. 459, 182 S.W.2d 607. At the subsequent trial resulting in the judgment from which the present appeal has been taken, the jury returned a verdict for $75,000.00, $50,000.00 of which was remitted as the condition upon which defendant's motion for new trial was overruled. Judgment was entered for $25,000.00, and defendant appealed.
The points relied on for reversal are: (1) That plaintiff failed to make a prima facie case; (2) that plaintiff's instruction No. 1 was erroneous; and (3) that the verdict in the sum of $75,000.00 is so grossly excessive as to establish conclusively that appellant did not have a fair trial.
The notice of appeal is dated July 14, 1945, and filed in the trial court on the same day. The transcript of the record was filed in the circuit court on November 30, 1945, thus exceeding 90 days, the time prescribed by Sec. 135 of the Civil Code, Sec. 847.135 Mo. R.S.A. (Laws 1943, 353, 393.) Nor does any order of the trial court extending the time appear in the transcript. Our rule 1.04 in that respect provides "In the event that the trial court extends the time to file the transcript such orders and the dates thereof shall be included in the transcript." Both the statute and rule were then in effect, but they were new, and in somewhat analogous circumstances, some leniency has been extended. See Clader v. City of Neosho, 354 Mo. 1190, 193 S.W.2d 620, and State ex rel. National Advertising Co. v. Seehorn, 354 Mo. 170, 188 S.W.2d 657. For such reason, we have concluded to follow a similar course in the case at bar, and review the case on its merits.
We find no material difference in the facts developed in the two trials. They are fully stated in the opinion on the former appeal, to which reference is made as if set forth at length herein. There, as here, defendant contended plaintiff had failed to make a case for the jury. We held against that contention. The rule is that ". . . unless the evidence at the second trial is materially different from that introduced at the first trial, or unless we were mistaken as to some controlling fact on the first appeal, our former opinion is the law of the case." Morris v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours Co., 346 Mo. 126, 129, 139 S.W.2d 984, 986, citing Denny v. Guyton, 331 Mo. 1115, 57 S.W.2d 415, and Cunningham v. Doe Run Lead Co., (Mo.) 26 S.W.2d 957.
The principal respect in which defendant claims the evidence on the two trials differed is that on the former plaintiff testified that "the loose reels commenced to roll within the car," whereas at the trial in question he said they were "unsteady, not jumping around." This contention ignores other portions of his testimony as shown by the following excerpts: "About 3 or 4 seconds later we had another jolt . . . and by that time the reels of cable on the south end was moving. . . . Q. When did you notice the spools begin to roll? A. When we got the first jolt, that threw the spools on the south end, they started moving, they moved about a foot and a half." The unsteadiness of the reels referred to by the witness, obviously had reference to the second jolt: "What I mean by that when the train came in and hit us it pushed them reels about a foot and a half to the north, some way that threw me, and about three or four seconds later, which is not very long, the train pulled out, the reels went back in their original place, but it was still unsteady. That is what I mean by they were unsteady. Q. You didn't say unsteady at the second trial, did you? A. Well, that is jumping around, that is what I meant by it." The only other difference pointed out is that in relation to the switch foreman's testimony (Ganzenbach). On the former trial he testified that at the time of the movement "the truck was gone out of there, they had never reappeared." Our former opinion [195] treated this as "indicating he knew of the former presence of men in and about the car." On the present trial he testified that he at no time during that day saw any truck in the vicinity of the car, and from this it is argued there was nothing on the outside of the car to indicate the presence of any men working in the car. We do not regard this as materially affecting the matter, particularly in view of his further testimony that he was familiar with the fact that people employed by the various construction companies erecting the plant worked in the cars, and had been for months before this casualty; that he switched about 3500 cars [in what period of time not disclosed] in that plant, "and the first thing I do before I tie into a car is to see if anybody is in the car, and when anybody is in the car I don't move it until they get out, and if I don't see anybody in the car we proceed to work." He testified, as he had on the former trial, that he followed such practice in this instance, e.g., that when his crew backed into the track whereon the carload of cable was located, they stopped about six feet north of it before making coupling; that he walked to the west side of the car "looking to see if I could see anyone around that car," and did not see anyone; that he looked underneath the car to see if there was any blocking under the wheels (which he always did), and then walked around to the east side "and looked in the door on the east side, and didn't see anyone"; that he got "right close to the door, where I could look in both ends, the north end and the south end, and there was no one on that [east] side when I looked in"; that the spools kept him "from looking through the other door"; but he looked "direct through the door to the west side"; that he didn't know where plaintiff and his partner were, "but I looked in there and couldn't see anybody, and when I didn't see anybody I give my head man a signal to come back and couple into that car and make our move"; that he was standing "alongside the door" when plaintiff jumped out "after the car moved north." These differences are inconsequential, and are wholly insufficient to justify a reexamination of the question, and we adhere to our former holding that plaintiff made a submissible case.
Plaintiff's instruction No. 1 is assailed for a number of reasons. After hypothesizing plaintiff's employment at the time and place in question, and his presence in the car for the purpose of unloading it, and that he was then and there exercising ordinary care for his own safety, the instruction authorizes a verdict for plaintiff if the jury shall further find and believe from the evidence: (1) That defendant's agents and servants in charge of the locomotive made the coupling and movement without giving plaintiff any warning or notice of their intention so to do; and (2) that the reels started to move and roll by reason of the jarring and moving of the car, if any; and (3) that the rolling and shifting, if any, of the reels made it dangerous and unsafe for the plaintiff to remain in the car, and (4) that defendant's agents in charge of, and operating the locomotive knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care would have known, that someone was likely to be in the car incident to unloading it; and (5) that the failure, if any, of those in charge of the locomotive to warn plaintiff or give him notice of their intention to couple into and move the car, if so, was negligence (as that term was defined in another instruction); and (6) that as a direct result of said negligence plaintiff jumped from the car and was injured; and (7) that plaintiff did not receive any warning from anyone that the car would be moved.
The first complaint is that it hypothesizes that "the reels of cable . . . started to move and roll . . . and that the rolling and shifting made it dangerous and unsafe for plaintiff to remain in said car," thus predicating recovery upon a theory which was not supported by the evidence. What we have said respecting the evidence in relation to the movement or shifting of the reels disposes of this contention without further discussion of it. It is next charged that the instruction is misleading [196] and confusing in that when it reaches the point of connecting the alleged negligence with the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries, it tells the jury that if it finds that failure to inform plaintiff of the intention to move the car was negligence, and that as a direct result of "said negligence", plaintiff jumped from the car and was injured, then he should recover. It is claimed that the only hypothesis of negligence submitted by the instruction is failure to warn, and that it then told the jury that it might find for plaintiff on the postulate that failure to warn was the direct cause of his jumping from the car. Under this point defendant argues as follows: "Clearly, the direct cause of his jumping from the car was either the alleged emergency claimed to have been created by the alleged rolling reels or his jumping from the car, either of which was obviously an independent intervening cause; and moreover, the proximate cause." (Emphasis supplied.) We fail to appreciate how the cause of his jumping could also have been the result of such act, as stated in the second of these alternatives. We are inclined to the belief that a printer's error crept into the brief and was not detected. We do not regard the instruction as failing to present fairly the entire situation shown by the evidence, nor does it authorize a verdict for plaintiff even though it found the rolls were not rolling or shifting, because, as shown by clauses "2" and "3" of the summary, a finding of such rolling and shifting, and danger and unsafeness to plaintiff resulting therefrom, were expressly required. Each of the required separate findings was in the conjunctive, "and", thus connecting all of them. Moreover, we are of the opinion that the instruction does not unduly emphasize the alleged failure to warn, nor does it, as contended by defendant, "de-emphasize" defendant's proof of warning, and hence is not misleading in those respects. Whatever element of confusion may have been presented by the instruction, when standing, alone was dispelled by defendant's instruction No. 2 which told the jury that plaintiff could not recover "unless he proves by the greater weight of the credible evidence that immediately before he jumped from the car, an emergency arose which an ordinarily prudent person would have considered a threat of bodily injury to him; and that such an ordinarily prudent person would have jumped out of the railroad car under the same or similar circumstances. Therefore, before your verdict herein can be in favor of plaintiff Walsh, you must believe from the greater weight of the credible evidence that one or more of the reels of cable in the railroad car, were rolling to such an extent and in such manner as to indicate to a reasonably prudent person in Walsh's circumstances that it was dangerous longer to remain in said car. On the other hand, if you believe from the evidence herein that plaintiff Walsh jumped out of the car for the reason that he believed that the car was to be moved across the river, or for any other reason, except to avoid the claimed danger from the reels, he cannot recover, and your verdict herein must be for defendant railroad company."
The remaining objection is that the instruction did not require the jury to find any facts upon which defendant's switching crew would be actually or constructively notified of the likelihood of plaintiff's presence in the car, and proceeded on the theory that defendant's employes were in duty bound to warn him regardless of the circumstances, and gave the jury a roving commission to find the existence of the duty to warn upon any facts which seemed to it properly to warrant such a conclusion. We do not so regard it. It was unnecessary to hypothesize the particular facts shown by evidence upon which the jury would have been warranted in finding that the switching crew had actual or constructive knowledge of plaintiff's presence in the car. Clause 4 of the instruction expressly required a finding that defendants agents in charge of and operating the locomotive knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care could have known that someone was likely to be in the car incident to unloading it. The evidence was sufficient to warrant such a finding, and the instruction required it as a condition to a plaintiff's verdict. [197] While the instruction is, perhaps, not a model, we fail to find it reversibly erroneous in the respects claimed.
The remaining assignment is that the "verdict of the jury in the sum of $75,000.00 is so grossly excessive as to establish conclusively that appellant did not have a fair trial." Plaintiff's injuries were permanent and severe. On the first trial he had judgment for $25,000.00 which was reversed on appeal, not for excessiveness, but because of the misconduct of his counsel. At the time he was injured he was, and had been earning $175.00 per week. He was then 36 years of age, and at the time of trial had an expectancy of 28.9 years. Defendant does not make the point, nor argue that, as reduced by the trial court, the amount of the award is excessive, but relies solely on the proposition that because the jury returned a verdict for three times the amount which the trial court permitted to stand "conclusively" establishes that it did not have a fair trial. But it does not follow that because the verdict is too large it is necessarily the result of passion or prejudice. In Cook v. Globe Printing Co., 227 Mo. 471, 127 S.W. 332, this court, en banc, reduced a verdict for plaintiff by exactly the same percentage as in the case at bar, to-wit, 66-2/3%. There plaintiff had judgment for $150,000.00, and it was affirmed on the condition that plaintiff remit $100,000.00. In discussing the doctrine of remittitur, it was said: "The rationale of these late cases is that the fact that a verdict is too large does not itself indicate that the jury were actuated by passion or prejudice, where there was no error in the admission or rejection of testimony or in the instructions of the court, and no misconduct on the part of the jury was shown, and the evidence established that the plaintiff was entitled to a substantial verdict, and that in such case if the plaintiff would consent to a remittitur of a part of his verdict, the defendant could not complain." Such is the situation in the case at bar, and in view of defendant's tacit admission respecting the amount of the award, as reduced by the trial court, we think the judgment should be, and it is, affirmed. All concur.