Opinion
Civil Action 5:20-CV-81
09-29-2021
GILBERTO GOMEZ VICENTE, et al, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al, Defendants.
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
Diana Saldaña United States District Judge
This case arises from the tragic shooting and death of Claudia Patricia Gomez Gonzalez (“Claudia”) in the border town of Rio Bravo, Texas. (Dkt. 1 at 4.) Plaintiffs are the parents and estate administrator of Claudia and assert a variety of claims against Defendants United States of America, Border Patrol Agent Romualdo Barrera, and Does 1-20. (Id. at 3.) Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Barrera unlawfully shot and killed Claudia while acting within the course and scope of his employment as a Border Patrol agent. (Id. at 4-5.) Defendant Barrera has filed a Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. 30) asserting that Plaintiffs failed to state viable Bivens claims against him. (Id. at 5.)
Page number citations refer to the page numbers automatically generated by the Court's electronic filing system (CM/ECF), not to the page numbers generated by Parties.
Plaintiffs believe Defendant Barrera was the agent who shot and killed Claudia and alternatively assert that, if it was not him, it was one of Defendant Does 1-20. (Dkt. 1 at 5.) For the sake of clarity, the Order refers to Defendant Barrera as the individual who is alleged to have shot and killed Claudia.
Pending is the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation (Dkt. 50), which recommends that Defendant Barrera's Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. 30) be granted and that Plaintiffs' Bivens claims be dismissed. (Dkt. 50 at 9.) The recommendation (Dkt. 50) concludes that these specific claims, labeled in Plaintiffs' Complaint (Dkt. 1) as their third, fourth, fifth, and sixth causes of action, were not cognizable as Bivens claims and should therefore be dismissed. (Dkt. 50 at 9.)
Parties were duly noticed regarding the filing of objections to the recommendation (Dkt. 50), and Plaintiffs filed their objections (Dkt. 53) on August 2, 2021. In support of the recommendation (Dkt. 50), Defendant Barrera filed a response (Dkt. 55) to the objections (Dkt. 53). Plaintiffs have filed a reply (Dkt. 57) to the response (Dkt. 55). Because objections were filed, the Court must “make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” 18 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). Plaintiffs object to the central legal conclusions of the recommendation (Dkt. 50), i.e., that Plaintiffs' claims arise in a “new context” and that “special factors” counsel against providing a remedy under Bivens. (Dkt. 53 at 5-6.) Accordingly, the Court reviews those conclusions de novo. Having considered the relevant law and facts as laid out in the record, the Court concludes that the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation (Dkt. 50) should be adopted, and that the Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. 30) should be granted.
Plaintiffs also object to a number of the Magistrate Judge's factual findings as they relate to those legal conclusions. To the extent necessary, the Court addresses these factual objections below.
Discussion
Unless otherwise indicated in the sections below, the Court adopts the factual background, procedural history, and legal standard laid out in the recommendation (Dkt. 50) and does not recount them here. Additionally, no Parties object to the Magistrate Judge's identification of the applicable legal framework for determining whether Plaintiffs' claims are cognizable under Bivens, so the Court need not recount that either. However, for the sake of clarity and emphasis, the Court provides a brief overview.
The basic rule for determining whether a plaintiff's claim is cognizable under Bivens, i.e., whether Bivens should be extended to cover claims outside those types of claims already allowed by the Supreme Court, follows a two-step inquiry. Hernandez v. Mesa, 140 S.Ct. 735, 743 (2020). First, a court asks whether the claim “arises in a ‘new context' or involves a ‘new category of defendants.'” Hernandez v. Mesa, 140 S.Ct. 735, 743 (2020) (citing Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 68 (2001)). A context is “new” if it is “different in a meaningful way from previous Biv ens cases decided by [the Supreme Court].” Id. (citing Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. 1843, 1859 (2017)). Those three cases are:
(1) manacling the plaintiff in front of his family in his home and strip-searching him in violation of the Fourth Amendment, see [Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 389-90 (1971)]; (2) discrimination on the basis of sex by a congressman against a staff person in violation of the Fifth Amendment, see Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 99 S.Ct. 2264, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979); and (3) failure to provide medical attention to an asthmatic prisoner in federal custody in violation of the Eighth Amendment, see Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980).Oliva v. Nivar, 973 F.3d 438, 442 (5th Cir. 2020).
Second, if a court finds that a claim arises in a new context, it must then ask whether there are any “special factors that counsel hesitation” about allowing the claim to proceed under Bivens. Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 743 (cleaned up) (citing Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1880). Although there is no “exhaustive list” of factors, the Supreme Court has explained that “separation-of-powers principles” are central to this analysis. Id. (citing Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1857). In addition, “if there is an alternative remedial structure present in a certain case, that alone may limit the power of the Judiciary to infer a new Bivens cause of action.” Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1858. To put it simply, extending Bivens is now a “disfavored judicial activity, ” and the Supreme Court has emphasized repeatedly that the “watchword is caution.” Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 742. With that in mind, the Court considers Plaintiffs' objections.
The Court turns first to Plaintiffs' objections arguing that their Bivens claims do not arise in a new context. The Court then turns to Plaintiffs' objections arguing that even if their Bivens claims arise in a new context, there are no special factors counseling against extending the remedy offered by Biv ens to the situation alleged here.
A.“New Context” Objections
Plaintiffs' objections to the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that their claims arise in a new context fall into two broad categories. First, Plaintiffs argue generally that their claims cannot fall into a new context because this case is a “garden variety excessive force case against a federal law enforcement officer.” (Dkt. 53 at 9.) Second, Plaintiffs more specifically attack each of the Magistrate Judge's bases for labeling this case as a new context. (Dkt. 53 at 13.) The Court addresses each category of objections in turn.
1.General Objection
Plaintiffs' invocation of the “garden variety excessive force case” stems from a statement in the introductory paragraph of the Fifth Circuit's opinion in Hernandez v. Mesa, 885 F.3d 811 (5th Cir. 2018)-an opinion that was later affirmed by the Supreme Court. But this invocation is unpersuasive for two reasons: (1) the past judicial opinions that Plaintiffs cite in support hold no precedential force and little persuasive value; and (2) the Fifth Circuit's more recent opinions confirm that the “garden variety excessive force case” label is insufficient to presumptively allow a claim to proceed under Bivens.
First, Plaintiffs cite to a number of federal court opinions to demonstrate that courts, including the Fifth Circuit, have previously “permitted a noncitizen's Bivens claims against a Border Patrol agent for unlawful arrest and excessive force to proceed.” (Dkt. 53 at 11.) Of course, the out-of-circuit and district court opinions are not binding precedent. Neither are they persuasive because they did not have the benefit of considering, or being bound by, recent Fifth Circuit opinions on the permitted scope of Bivens claims. Moreover, the Fifth Circuit opinion that Plaintiffs cite to, Martinez-Aguero v. Gonzalez, 459 F.3d 618 (5th Cir. 2006), is equally unavailing for precedential and persuasive purposes. Indeed, Plaintiffs do not argue that Martinez-Aguero has any precedential force. (See Dkt. 53 at 11.)
In Martinez-Aguero, the Fifth Circuit was faced only with the question of whether a Border Patrol officer, who had been sued for false arrest and excessive force under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, was entitled to qualified immunity. Martinez-Aguero, 459 F.3d at 621- 22. The primary issue before the Martinez-Aguero court was “whether aliens enjoy Fourth or Fifth Amendment protection at all.” Id. at 626. Finding that the undocumented alien in that case was entitled to constitutional protections, the Fifth Circuit stated that “she may bring a Bivens claim for unlawful arrest and the excessive use of force.” Id. at 625. However, the Martinez-Aguero court never considered whether the plaintiff's claim was cognizable under Bivens, so this statement is only an assumption as to the availability of Bivens in that regard. Thus, this assumption is not binding because the issue was not raised by any party and the Fifth Circuit did not consider it. See Ochoa-Salgado v. Garland, 5 F.4th 615, 619-20 (5th Cir. 2021). Further, because the Martinez-Aguero court provides no reasoned explanation for this assumption, the Court concludes that the assumption alone is unpersuasive, especially given more recent Fifth Circuit opinions.
The Court notes that the Fifth Circuit's opinion in De La Paz v. Coy, 786 F.3d 367 (5th Cir. 2015) appears to ascribe some binding force to Martinez-Aguero and Lynch v. Cannatella, 810 F.2d 1363 (5th Cir. 1987), another case that “assumed the existence of Bivens suits for physical abuse perpetrated against immigration detainees.” See De La Paz, 786 F.3d at 373-374. In De La Paz, the Fifth Circuit “defer[red] to both of these prior decisions, to the extent that they permit Bivens actions against immigration officers who deploy unconstitutionally excessive force when detaining immigrants on American soil.” Id. at 374. However, the Court need not read into whether this statement of deference was an affirmation of the precedential status of either Martinez-Aguero or Lynch because the statement of deference itself was dictum. The De La Paz court ultimately noted that the case was distinguishable from the prior cases “because it involve[d] no allegations of excessive force.” Id. at 374. Thus, the statement of deference “could have been deleted without seriously impairing the analytical foundations of the holding and being peripheral, may not have received the full and careful consideration of the court that uttered it.” See United States v. Segura, 747 F.3d 323, 328 (5th Cir. 2014) (describing when a statement is dictum).
Second, these more recent Fifth Circuit opinions counsel against taking the Martinez-Aguero assumption at face-value. They also confirm that presumptively extending Bivens to cases that can be generally described as “garden variety excessive force cases” is inapt. For example, the Fifth Circuit in Angulo v. Brown, 978 F.3d 942 (5th Cir. 2020) dealt with a case involving Bivens claims brought against Customs and Border Protection officers for alleged unreasonable seizure and use of excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 947. The Angulo court ultimately exercised its discretion to assume without deciding that a Bivens remedy was available for a variety of prudential reasons. See Id. at 948 n.3. However, in doing so, it noted that the assumption from Martinez-Aguero was now potentially at odds with the Supreme Court's decision in Hernandez because the Hernandez decision “strongly implie[d] that proximity to the border alone is sufficient to qualify as a ‘new context' in which Bivens is unavailable.” Id. (citing Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 747). This at least suggests that the Court should conduct the “new context” inquiry with more rigor than simply following the Martinez-Aguero assumption blindly.
The Court recognizes that the Angulo court also noted that the case before it, much like this one, did not have the same “international implications of a cross-border shooting” that were of “vital importance” to the Hernandez decision. See Angulo, 978 F.3d at 948 n.3. The Court only cites to Angulo in this section to demonstrate that the Bivens issue is not as easily disposed of based on existing case law as Plaintiffs contend. The Court need not decide whether the footnote in Angulo stands for or against recognizing the Bivens claims presented here. Rather, the Fifth Circuit's refusal to decide the issue is enough to make the point that the “new context” determination cannot be resolved at the level of generality with which Plaintiffs describe the instant case. The Court does note, however, that Judge Oldham, in his concurring opinion, seemed to believe that the majority's footnote “correctly suggests that Angulo lacks a cause of action to sue the individual CBP officers under Bivens.” Angulo, 978 F.3d at 954 (Oldham, J., concurring).
The Fifth Circuit's decision from Oliva v. Nivar, 973 F.3d 438 (5th Cir. 2019) is also instructive. There, the Fifth Circuit again dealt with alleged unreasonable seizure and use of excessive force claims under the Fourth Amendment, this time against Veterans Affairs (VA) police officers. Id. at 441. Specifically, the plaintiff contended that the VA officers had unreasonably placed him into a chokehold and arrested him after he attempted to go through security at a VA hospital. Id. at 440-41. The Fifth Circuit determined that the plaintiff's claim arose in a new context and dismissed his Bivens claims, reversing the lower court. Id. at 444. At minimum, Oliva is proof that a district court must scrutinize any Bivens claim at a higher level of specificity than simply describing a case as a “garden variety excessive force case against a federal law enforcement officer.” If that description was enough to qualify a claim under Bivens, the Oliv a plaintiff's claims would have done so.
This conclusion is further confirmed by the Fifth Circuit's holding in Byrd v. Lamb, 990 F.3d 879 (5th Cir. 2021). In Byrd, the Fifth Circuit determined that a Fourth Amendment excessive force claim against a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agent also arose in a new context. Id. at 882. Noting that the district court did not have the benefit of the Oliva decision, the Byrd court, after also finding special factors counseling against extending Bivens, reversed and remanded the district court's decision to allow the Bivens claims to proceed. Id.
Thus, under existing Fifth Circuit case law, Plaintiffs' general objection to the Magistrate Judge's “new context” finding cannot stand and is overruled. The bar for extending Bivens is at least higher than classifying a case as a “garden variety excessive force case” or an “[a]n unreasonable use of force by a line-level law enforcement officer.” (See Dkt. 53 at 13.) With that clarification, the Court now turns to Plaintiffs' specific objections.
2.Specific Objections
Plaintiffs lodge four objections to the Magistrate Judge's finding that their claims arise in a new context: (1) the Magistrate Judge should not have separated out Plaintiffs' Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims for distinct analyses; (2) the Magistrate Judge erred in distinguishing the instant case from allowable Bivens claims based on the fact that Defendant Barrera was “charged with securing the border against illegal activity”; (3) the Magistrate Judge erred in concluding that Defendant Barrera's agency and rank supported a “new context” finding; and (4) the Magistrate Judge should not have distinguished the instant case based on the location and nature of Barrera's seizure of Claudia. (Dkt. 53 at 13-16.)
a. Objection 1-Fourth and Fifth Amendment Distinction
Plaintiffs' objection to the Magistrate Judge's analytical distinction between their Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims is inapposite. Plaintiffs argue that the Supreme Court in Hernandez v. Mesa did not distinguish between the Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims in that case when it concluded that the claims arose in a new context. (Dkt. 53 at 13 (citing Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 743).) That is not entirely correct.
For context, Plaintiffs' Bivens claims include excessive force claims under the Fourth Amendment and “deprivation of life without due process” claims under the Fifth Amendment. (Dkt. 1 at 9-14.)
In Hernandez, the Supreme Court faced the question of whether a plaintiff's claim against a Border Patrol agent for committing a cross-border shooting was cognizable under Bivens. Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 739. The Supreme Court, in declaring that the cross-border shooting incident arose in a new context, cited only Bivens and Davis for comparison. See Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 743-44. Those cases, as noted above, involved Fourth and Fifth Amendment violations, respectively. The Supreme Court, therefore, appeared to find it appropriate to compare cases involving the same alleged constitutional violations. See Id. The Hernandez court did not, for instance, compare the case before it to Carlson, which allowed a Bivens claim under the Eighth Amendment. See Id. That makes some sense because “the constitutional right at issue” is a reason why a case might differ in a meaningful way. See Zigler, 137 S.Ct. at 1860. Although the recommendation (Dkt. 50) might have overstated the issue in pronouncing that “[the Fifth Amendment claims] cannot survive the motion to dismiss if this case differs in a meaningful way from [Davis v. Passman], ” the Magistrate Judge ended up conducting much the same analysis as the Supreme Court in Hernandez. (See Dkt. 50 at 6.) The Magistrate Judge contrasted all of Plaintiffs' constitutional claims with the applicable and previously permitted Bivens claims, covering both the Fourth and Fifth Amendment. (See Dkt. 53 at 6-7.) The recommendation (Dkt. 50) did not, in fact, recommend dismissal of Plaintiffs' Fifth Amendment claims solely for not conforming to the scenario presented in Davis. (See Dkt. 53 at 7.) Accordingly, Plaintiffs' objection to the Magistrate Judge's distinction between their Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims is overruled.
b. Objection 2-Characterization of Defendant Barrera's Conduct
Plaintiffs' objection to the Magistrate Judge's characterization of Defendant Barrera's activities at the time of the incident is unpersuasive. Plaintiffs appear to contend that the recommendation (Dkt. 50) should not have analogized the instant case to Hernandez as a reason to dismiss their Bivens claims because, unlike here, Hernandez involved a cross-border shooting. (Dkt. 53 at 13-14.) They seem to argue that the instant case should be treated as an excessive force claim occurring “in a residential setting within the United States, ” not as a shooting arising from border enforcement. (Id. at 14.) However, Plaintiffs do not dispute that Defendant Barrera was acting in his capacity as a Border Patrol agent at the time of the incident. (See Dkt. 1 at 4 (averring that Defendant Barrera was acting within the course and scope of his employment with the United States Border Patrol).) The Magistrate Judge was correct to consider Defendant Barrera's conduct in relation to his role as a Border Patrol agent as a relevant point of comparison and to review Hernandez, a relevant case, in doing so.
As an initial matter, the Court notes that Hernandez did not purport to set the floor for determining a new context. Simply because Hernandez involved a cross-border shooting does not mean all excessive force cases along the border are automatically permitted as Bivens claims if they do not involve a cross-border shooting. That would undercut the cautionary framework that the high court has put in place. Instead, the fact that Defendant Barrera is alleged to have been conducting himself as a Border Patrol agent at the time of the incident does distinguish this case from prior Bivens contexts, regardless of the fact that no borders were crossed.
In its recent Bivens jurisprudence, the Fifth Circuit has described and distinguished cases with a remarkable level of granularity. In Oliva, the Fifth Circuit noted that the VA officers “were manning a metal detector” in a government hospital, not “making a warrantless search for narcotics” in a private home like in Bivens. Oliva, 973 F.3d at 443. The Oliva court additionally explained that “[t]he VA officers did not manacle [the plaintiff] in front of his family or strip-search him, ” and the narcotics officers in Bivens, likewise, did not place the plaintiff there in a chokehold. Id. The Fifth Circuit in Byrd conducted a nearly identical analysis to conclude that the DHS agent's conduct in that case also demonstrated a new context. See Byrd, 990 F.3d at 882; see also Cantú v. Moody, 933 F.3d 414, 423 (5th Cir. 2019) (explaining that differences in conduct are meaningful because “‘[j]udicial guidance' differs across the various kinds of Fourth Amendment violations).
Mirroring the level of specificity used in both Oliva, Byrd, and Cantú, the Court regards the instant case as one where a Border Patrol agent used deadly force to seize Claudia in the course of his general border security duties. Unlike in Bivens, the most analogous of the three cases, Defendant Barrera “did not manacle [Claudia] in front of [her] family or strip-search [her].” See Oliva, 973 F.3d at 443. Unlike in Bivens, Defendant Barrera “[did] not allege the officers entered [her] home without a warrant or violated [her] rights of privacy.” See Cantú, 933 F.3d at 423. Finally, the Fifth Circuit has specifically pointed out that judicial guidance has placed “seizures by deadly force, ” the allegation here, in a specific subset of constitutional jurisprudence. See Id. Plaintiffs' objection to the Magistrate Judge's consideration of Defendant Barrera's conduct at the time of the incident is therefore overruled.
c. Objection 3-Defendant Barrera's Rank and Agency
Plaintiffs' objection to the Magistrate Judge's findings on Defendant Barrera's rank and agency should be sustained as to rank and overruled as to agency. Plaintiffs object to the Magistrate Judge's finding that Defendant Barrera was of a different rank and agency than the narcotics officers in Bivens. (Dkt. 53 at 15.) To the extent that the Magistrate Judge determined that Defendant Barrera was of a different rank, Plaintiffs' objection is sustained. There is no evidence that Defendant Barrera was anything more than a “line-level officer, ” like the officers in Bivens. (See id.)
However, Plaintiffs' objection regarding the difference in agency is unavailing. Plaintiffs do not dispute that Border Patrol, a division of Customs and Border Protection, is a different agency than the agency the officers in Bivens were employed with, i.e., the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which was eventually succeeded by the Drug Enforcement Administration. (See id.) Instead, Plaintiffs contend that Customs and Border Protection and the Drug Enforcement Administration should be viewed as non-distinct agencies for the “new context” inquiry because they operate under the same legal mandate. (Id.) Specifically, they allege that Border Patrol agents “are cross-designated with the powers conferred by 21 U.S.C. § 878 on agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration.” (Id.) Section 878 lays out a number of general law enforcement powers such as the authority to make seizures and arrests. See 21 U.S.C. § 878(a). Even assuming Border Patrol is cross-designated in this way, the importance of the agency distinction is not diminished. Law enforcement officers across many different agencies are empowered to seize and arrest individuals for unlawful activity, but that similarity is not enough to extend Bivens. See Cantú, 933 F.3d at 423 (distinguishing between FBI agents and the narcotics officers in Bivens). The Court therefore overrules Plaintiffs' objection as it relates to the Magistrate Judge's agency distinction finding.
In any case, Border Patrol agents are empowered to conduct law enforcement activities, including with deadly force, under their own specific set of statutory and regulatory provisions. 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a); 8 C.F.R. § 287.8(a)(2).
d. Objection 4-The Seizure's Location and Nature
Plaintiffs' objection to the Magistrate Judge “distinguishing this case from Bivens based on the location and nature of Defendant Barrera's seizure of Claudia” should be sustained in part and overruled in part. Plaintiffs contend that the recommendation (Dkt. 50) erred in stating that “Defendant Barrera seized Claudia on a public street.” (Dkt. 53 at 15 (citing Dkt. 50 at 7).) The Court agrees and sustains the objection. Per the Complaint (Dkt. 1), which must be taken as true at this stage, Claudia was “in the corner of a private, residential, fenced-in lot” at the time of the incident. (Id. at 5.) In addition, Plaintiffs also contend that the recommendation (Dkt. 50) erred in determining that Defendant Barrera's initial seizure was proper and that only his conduct afterwards, i.e., the use of deadly force, was at issue. To the extent that the Magistrate Judge distinguished between the seizure and the use of deadly force on more than semantic grounds, the Court sustains Plaintiffs' objection. See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 7 (1985) (“[T]here can be no question that apprehension by the use of deadly force is a seizure subject to the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment.”).
Despite this, the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiffs' resulting legal conclusion that “[a]s in Bivens, the allegation here is one of seizure using unreasonable force in a residential setting.” (See Dkt. 53 at 16.) Regardless of descriptive error, the Magistrate Judge was correct in considering the difference in location as relevant to the “new context” inquiry. Plaintiffs' characterization of the location as a “residential setting” places too much weight on an over-generalization. The corner of a residential lot “with overgrown weeds and brush, ” even if “fenced-in, ” is a far cry from the interior of a private home, the location of the incident in Bivens. (See Dkt. 1 at 5.) In any case, neither Claudia nor anyone else is alleged to have been living on that residential lot, which Plaintiffs additionally describe as “vacant.” (Id.) Fifth Circuit precedent supports the Court's conclusion as well. In Byrd, the Fifth Circuit described the setting as different from Bivens because it “arose in a parking lot, not a private home.” Byrd, 990 F.3d at 883. A similar distinction exists here: a vacant residential lot is not a private home. Thus, to the extent Plaintiffs object to the Magistrate Judge's legal conclusion as it relates to the location of the shooting, the objection is overruled.
3.De Novo Determination
Having considered Plaintiffs' objections to the Magistrate Judge's “new context” determination, the Court makes its own de novo determination of the “new context” inquiry. At their base, Plaintiffs' claims “involve[] different conduct by [a] different officer[] from a different agency.” See Cantú, 933 F.3d at 423. Using Bivens as the most apt comparison, the Court points to numerous meaningful differences here: (1) this case arises in a vacant residential lot, not a private home; (2) Defendant Barrera was purportedly conducting himself as a Border Patrol agent near the border, not making a warrantless search fo r narcotics in Claudia's home; (3) Plaintiffs do not allege that Defendant Barrera's conduct resulted from a narcotics investigation; and (4) Defendant Barrera neither manacled nor strip-searched Claudia in front of her family. See Bivens, 403 U.S. at 389; see also Byrd, 990 F.3d at 882 (emphasizing the same differences). And because this case is meaningfully different from Bivens, which concerned the most analogous fact-pattern, it is also meaningfully different from Davis and Carlson as well. The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiffs' claims arise in a new context and adopts the Magistrate Judge's legal conclusion as to the first step of the Bivens inquiry.
B.“Special Factors” Objections
Having adopted the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that Plaintiffs' Bivens claims arise in a new context, the Court moves to the second step of the inquiry, and Plaintiffs' objections therein. Plaintiffs levy objections against the two special factors that the Magistrate Judge found in this case: (1) the availability of an alternative remedial structure in the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA); and (2) the national security implications of regulating an agent's conduct in close proximity to the border. (Dkt. 53 at 17-20.)
1.Objection 1-Alternative Remedial Structure Special Factor
Plaintiffs' first objection appears to highlight some friction between Supreme Court and Fifth Circuit case law. Plaintiffs contend that the Magistrate Judge should not have found that the alternative remedial scheme provided by the FTCA is sufficient to constitute a special factor militating against the extension of Bivens. (Dkt. 53 at 17.) Plaintiffs are correct that the Supreme Court in Carlson pronounced that it was “crystal clear that Congress views FTCA and Bivens as parallel, complementary causes of action.” Carlson, 446 U.S. at 20. Thus, the Carlson court determined that “without a clear congressional mandate we cannot hold that Congress relegated respondent exclusively to the FTCA remedy.” Id. at 23. Further, Plaintiffs correctly assert that the Supreme Court has held that alternative remedies preclude the availability of a Bivens remedy only when such alternatives “provide roughly similar incentives” to deter unconstitutional conduct and also “provid[e] roughly similar compensation to victims of violations.” Minneci v. Pollard, 565 U.S. 118, 129-30 (2012). In comparison, the Fifth Circuit in Oliva explicitly held that an administrative process that opened the door to an FTCA claim constituted an alternative remedial structure that weighed against inferring a new Bivens cause of action, without considering the adequacy of the available alternative. Oliv a, 973 F.3d at 443-44.
While there appears to be some tension between these two holdings, a careful and contextual reading of both cases demonstrates that there is not. First, Carlson's basic holding is that the existence of the FTCA alone does not preclude the existence of a Bivens claim, i.e., both can exist in certain cases. See Carlson, 446 U.S. at 23. It did not, however, foreclose a court's consideration of the FTCA as one of multiple factors to help decide whether Bivens should be extended into a new context. See Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 750 n.12 (“[W]e explained that existence of alternative remedies was merely a further reason not to create Bivens liability.”). That is the approach the Fifth Circuit took in Oliva, where it considered the existence of an FTCA claim as a factor along with separation of powers concerns. Oliva, 973 F.3d at 444. Accordingly, instructed by Oliva, the Court concludes that the Magistrate Judge was correct to consider the availability of the FTCA's remedial structure as one special factor weighing against extending Biv ens to this context. Plaintiffs' objection is overruled.
The Court notes that some confusion on this issue may stem from the varying approaches courts have taken to fit an “alternative remedial structure” finding into the two-step inquiry for extending Bivens. For example, in Carlson, the Supreme Court separated out the “alternative remedial structure” step from the “special factors” step. Carlson, 446 U.S. at 19. As Bivens case law has settled on an inquiry with only two distinct steps, the “alternative remedial structure” step appears to have collapsed into the “special factors” step. See Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 748- 49 (describing alternative remedial structures as part of the special factors inquiry). This collapsed inquiry is reflected in the Fifth Circuit's recent jurisprudence as well. See Oliva, 973 F.3d at 443-44; Cantú, 933 F.3d at 423.
2.Objection 2-National Security Special Factor
Plaintiff finally objects to the Magistrate Judge's finding that there are national security implications here that constitute a special factor against extending Bivens. (Dkt. 53 at 18-20.) The plain holding of Hernandez controls here: “Since regulating the conduct of agents at the border unquestionably has national security implications, the risk of undermining border security provides reason to hesitate before extending Bivens into this field.” Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 747. These national security implications arise because “the conduct of agents positioned at the border has a clear and strong connection to national security.” Id. at 746. At the time of the incident, Defendant Barrera was a Border Patrol agent who was conducting his duties at the border. (See Dkt. 1 at 5.)
While Plaintiffs emphasize this case's distinctions from Hernandez-specifically, that the incident occurred only on domestic soil and a third of a mile from the border-those distinctions do not meaningfully change the Court's analysis. (See Dkt. 53 at 19.) An incident need not be cross-border to implicate national security concerns. Indeed, the Supreme Court in Hernandez determined such concerns were raised “at the border, ” not across the border. See Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 746-47 (separating out foreign policy concerns related to the cross-border nature of the incident and national security concerns related to “regulating the conduct of agents at the border”).
The Court must then determine whether a third of a mile from the border still constitutes “at the border” for the purposes of Hernandez's holding. Hernandez itself provides some guidance here. In stating that the agent in Hernandez worked at the border, the Supreme Court offered as comparison that “Border Patrol agents often work miles from the border.” Hernandez, 140 S.Ct. at 746. That was not the case here. Defendant Barrera appears to have been working in a small town that runs right up to the international border. (See Dkt. 1 at 4.) It is undisputed that Defendant Barrera was not “miles from the border”; the incident took place only a third of a mile from the border. Although Plaintiffs paint this distance as considerable, the Court must keep in mind that the watchword is caution when engaging in the “disfavored” judicial activity of expanding Bivens. Thus, the Court concludes, without pronouncing a bright line rule, that the shooting in the instant case occurred “at the border” for purposes of the national security special factor detailed in Hernandez. Plaintiffs' objection is overruled, and the Magistrate Judge's findings on this special factor are adopted.
Plaintiffs' contention that Defendant Barrera “was engaged in conventional law-enforcement activity-patrolling the quiet community of Rio Bravo” does not change the Court's conclusion. (See Dkt. 53 at 19.) This characterization does not modify the clear statements in Plaintiffs' Complaint (Dkt. 1), which the Court takes as true, that Defendant Barrera was acting within the course and scope of his employment as a Border Patrol agent. (Id. at 4.)
Before moving on, the Court recognizes Plaintiffs' concerns regarding the application of the national security special factor. As Plaintiffs note, “national-security concerns must not become a talisman used to ward off inconvenient claims-a ‘label' used to ‘cover a multitude of sins.'” Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1862; Cf., e.g., Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944) (using national security to justify racial animus); Ping v. United States, 130 U.S. 581 (1889) (same). Neither the Court's decision here nor the Magistrate Judge's recommendation (Dkt. 50) are made flippantly in this regard. “Rather, we apply [Hernandez's] conclusion that regulating the conduct of agents at the border is a genuine national-security concern, not simply a useful talisman.” Quintero Perez v. United States, 8 F.4th 1095, 1107 (9th Cir. 2021).
3.De Novo Determination
Having considered Plaintiffs' objections to the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that this case implicates special factors counseling against extending Biv ens, the Court concludes that the Magistrate Judge's conclusion should be adopted. Apart from the special factors related to alternative remedial structures and national security concerns, the Court finds one more special factor that instructs against expanding Bivens: the absence of congressional action. In Byrd, the Fifth Circuit concluded that “Congress did not make individual officers statutorily liable for excessive-force or unlawful-detention claims” and determined that this inaction counseled against extending Bivens. Byrd, 990 F.3d at 882. In the immigration and border context, the Fifth Circuit has specifically explained why Bivens should not be extended where Congress has not acted. Although the context of its decision was somewhat different than the one here, the Fifth Circuit in De La Paz v. Coy explained that Bivens claims should not be extended in the immigration context because Congress has consistently declined to authorize damages remedies against individual agents despite extensive debate and legislation surrounding immigration. See De La Paz v. Coy, 786 F.3d 367, 377-78 (5th Cir. 2015). The Court cannot therefore ignore the similar separation of powers special factor here. Congress appears to have also stayed purposefully silent on the issue of providing remedy for excessive force claims against Border Patrol agents specifically, even where debates over immigration enforcement and the border continue to dominate the political milieu.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation (Dkt. 50) is hereby ADOPTED IN PART and REJECTED IN PART pursuant to the sustained objections noted above. Defendant Romualdo Barrera's Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. 30) is hereby GRANTED, and Plaintiffs' Bivens claims are hereby DISMISSED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.