Summary
looking to the common law of contribution after determining that neither the former nor the current Michigan statute applied
Summary of this case from Dolinka Vannoord and Company v. Oppenheimer and Co.Opinion
Docket Nos. 62929, 63016.
Decided July 19, 1983. Leave to appeal denied, 418 Mich. 917.
Davidson, Gotshall, Kohl, Secrest, Wardle, Lynch Clark (by Michael Updike), for counter-plaintiff.
Garan, Lucow, Miller, Seward, Cooper Becker, P.C. (by Daniel L. Garan), and Gromek, Bendure Thomas (by Mark R. Bendure), of counsel, for counter-defendant.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK, JR., and GRIBBS, JJ.
The issue in this appeal is whether appellants are precluded as a matter of law from pursuing their counterclaim of contribution against appellee. The trial court ruled that appellants were so precluded and granted summary judgment in favor of appellee. We reverse.
I
The facts, though complex, are not in dispute. On February 27, 1971, Zlatko Grujovski, an employee of Kasle Steel Corporation, was severely injured while operating a splitting machine designed and manufactured by Wean United, Inc. Appellee Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, the workers' disability compensation carrier for Kasle Steel, commenced payment of weekly indemnity benefits to Grujovski. In August, 1972, Liberty Mutual filed suit against Wean United alleging negligence and breach of warranty in the design and manufacture of the machine, and seeking reimbursement for compensation benefits paid to Grujovski. In January, 1973, Grujovski filed a separate action against Wean United, Wean Equipment Corporation and several individual defendants (hereinafter collectively referred to as Wean). The suits were later consolidated in the Wayne County Circuit Court and Liberty Mutual was added as a plaintiff in the action commenced by Grujovski.
In September, 1974, Wean filed a counterclaim against Liberty Mutual seeking contribution and indemnification. The counterclaim, which is the subject of the instant appeal, alleged that Liberty Mutual had undertaken a worker safety program for Kasle Steel and had done so in a negligent manner, thus causing or contributing to Grujovski's injuries.
See Ray v Transamerica Ins Co, 46 Mich. App. 647; 208 N.W.2d 610 (1973).
On December 8, 1975, Wean settled Grujovski's claim for the amount of $160,000, in return for which Grujovski executed a release and indemnity agreement. The agreement provided, inter alia, that Grujovski released Wean from liability for his injuries but that, "in no way will this Agreement affect any of my rights against any other party * * * including Liberty Mutual Insurance Company". Liberty Mutual was informed of the settlement negotiations but declined to participate in them.
The agreement provided in part:
"In further consideration of the above said sum, in the event that a judgment in excess of this payment is ever taken against anyone, including Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, arising out of the aforesaid accident for which this Agreement is executed, and if anyone, including Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, attempts to collect by way of judgment or execution any sums either through contribution and/or indemnify in any amount in excess of this payment, I do hereby agree to indemnify, protect, and save harmless Wean United, Inc., Wean Equipment Corporation, H.A. Johnson, R.J. Wean, R.J. Wean, Jr., S.R. Wean, M.D. Baughman, Jr., C.G. Petrosky, G.J. Ridgeway, defendants, in the amount of any sum owed by defendants as a result of said judgment which exceeds the amount of this settlement or the credit defendants would receive by this settlement as their proportionate share of a joint judgment.
* * *
"In further consideration for this settlement, it is understood that Wean United, Inc., Wean Equipment Corporation, H.A. Johnson, R.J. Wean, R.J. Wean, Jr., S.R. Wean, M.D. Baughman, Jr., C.G. Petrosky, and G.J. Ridgeway shall continue to vigorously defend the action brought by Liberty Mutual Insurance Company against it, but should Liberty Mutual Insurance Company be held entitled to reimbursement and/or credit for any or all Workmen's Compensation benefits and payments made or to be made to me, I shall be fully responsible to pay said claim and hold harmless defendants Wean United, Inc., Wean Equipment Corporation, H.A. Johnson, R.J. Wean, R.J. Wean, Jr., S.R. Wean, M.D. Baughman, Jr., C.G. Petrosky, and G.J. Ridgeway.
"In further consideration for this settlement, Wean United, Inc., Wean Equipment Corporation, H.A. Johnson, R.J. Wean, R.J. Wean, Jr., S.R. Wean, M.D. Baughman, Jr., C.G. Petrosky, and G.J. Ridgeway do assign, convey and transfer to me a one-half interest in their claim for contribution presently pending against Liberty Mutual Insurance Company.
"It is understood that both defendants Wean United, Inc., Wean Equipment Corporation, H.A. Johnson, R.J. Wean, R.J. Wean, Jr., S.R. Wean, M.D. Baughman, Jr., C.G. Petrosky, and G.J. Ridgeway and myself fully believe that Liberty Mutual Insurance Company has wrongfully acted and was negligent, but has refused to contribute its fair share to a full and complete settlement of this claim."
Liberty Mutual subsequently brought two motions for summary judgment. The first motion asserted that, pursuant to MCL 418.827(5); MSA 17.237(827)(5), Liberty Mutual was entitled to a portion of the settlement proceeds for reimbursement of benefits paid and as a credit for future benefits. That motion was denied.
Liberty Mutual's second motion sought summary judgment on Wean's counterclaim for indemnity and contribution. That motion was denied without prejudice on December 16, 1977, and a panel of this Court denied leave to appeal.
On December 28, 1978, Liberty Mutual renewed its motion for enforcement of a workers' compensation lien against Wean United only. The trial court granted the motion and a panel of this Court affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion. Grujovski v Wean United, Inc (Docket No. 43979, decided May 22, 1980).
Liberty Mutual then again moved for summary judgment on Wean's counterclaim. On January 19, 1982, the trial court issued an opinion and subsequently entered an order granting the motion, finding that Wean had no right of contribution against Liberty Mutual. Wean appeals as of right. United States Fidelity Guaranty Company (USFG), Wean's insurer, has assumed the conduct of Wean's contribution action and this appeal as the real party in interest. Grujovski also appealed. The cases were consolidated by this Court.
II
USFG contends that Wean's right of contribution was expressly recognized in this Court's May 22, 1980, opinion and therefore, under the law of the case doctrine, further consideration of the issue is precluded. We do not agree.
The law of the case doctrine provides that where an appellate court has passed on a legal question and remanded the case for further proceedings, the legal questions determined by the appellate court will not be differently determined on a subsequent appeal in the same case where the facts remain materially the same. The doctrine applies only to those questions determined by an appellate court's prior decision and necessary to it. CAF Investment Co v Saginaw Twp, 410 Mich. 428, 454; 302 N.W.2d 164 (1981).
In the previous appeal, Wean United challenged the grant of summary judgment requiring it to reimburse Liberty Mutual for compensation benefits paid to Grujovski. The primary issue addressed by the Court was whether the rule established in Stafford v E W Bliss Co, 86 Mich. App. 197; 272 N.W.2d 237 (1978), applied despite the replacement of contributory negligence with comparative negligence. The Court answered in the affirmative, holding:
Stafford v E W Bliss Co, 86 Mich. App. 197; 272 N.W.2d 237 (1978), held that a carrier's contributory negligence does not bar its right to recover, under MCL 418.827; MSA 17.237(827), compensation payments which it has made to an injured employee.
"Since contributory negligence may not be raised as a defense in a 418.827 based suit, neither may a degree or quantum of negligence (comparative negligence) be raised as a defense. If Liberty Mutual's alleged negligence is really the sole or partial proximate cause of the employee's injuries, Wean United, Inc., may, as stated in Stafford, recover in a contribution action."
Although the Court did mention a general right of contribution on the part of Wean United, a careful reading of that opinion discloses that the issue now raised was not squarely before the Court in the prior appeal. The law of the case doctrine is therefore inapplicable.
III
We now turn to the substantive issue: Is Wean entitled to a trial on its contribution claim against Liberty Mutual?
We first note that neither the current nor the former statute on contribution is applicable. The current statute, MCL 600.2925a; MSA 27A.2925(1), applies only to torts committed on or after January 1, 1975. The former statute, which was in effect at the time Grujovski was injured, is also inapplicable since it applied only to joint tortfeasors. Wean and Liberty Mutual are allegedly concurrent or several tortfeasors. See Moyses v Spartan Asphalt Paving Co, 383 Mich. 314, 331-332; 174 N.W.2d 797 (1970). We therefore look to the common law governing contribution.
The doctrine of contribution has its origins in equity. Lorimer v Julius Knack Coal Co, 246 Mich. 214; 224 N.W. 362 (1929). In Moyses, supra, the Supreme Court abolished the common-law bar to contribution among severally liable tortfeasors and returned the doctrine of contribution among nonintentional tortfeasors to the original equitable rules. Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich. 401, 419-420; 231 N.W.2d 46 (1975).
The doctrine of contribution is based upon the equitable principle that:
"[O]ne who is compelled to pay or satisfy the whole or to bear more than his aliquot share of the common burden or obligation, upon which several persons are equally liable or which they are bound to discharge, is entitled to contribution against the others to obtain from them payment of their respective shares". Caldwell, supra, p 417.
Thus, equitable rules require that there be (1) a "common liability" owed by the wrongdoers to the injured plaintiff and (2) payment or satisfaction by the party seeking contribution of the entire obligation or more than his aliquot share of the common obligation. Caldwell, supra; 18 Am Jur 2d, Contribution, §§ 7-9, pp 16-22.
"Common liability" occurs where the injuries suffered by the plaintiff are not apportionable amongst the various defendants on any rational basis. Where two or more parties are responsible for an accident which produces a single indivisible injury, each individual wrongdoer may be held liable for the entire amount of the damages and thus each of the defendants shares a common liability with the others that are also responsible for the injury. Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich. 401, 420, fn 5; 231 N.W.2d 46 (1975).
The allegations of Wean, if proven, are sufficient to establish a common liability. The critical question, then, is whether, pursuant to the settlement agreement, Wean satisfied the entire obligation to Grujovski or paid more than its aliquot share thereof. The trial court held that since the agreement specifically reserved Grujovski's rights against Liberty Mutual, the latter's potential liability had not been extinguished and contribution was therefore not available to Wean.
While it is true that the agreement expressly reserved Grujovski's rights against Liberty Mutual, the record discloses that the statute of limitations governing Grujovski's action had expired long before the agreement was signed. As a practical matter, Grujovski's ability to obtain damages against Liberty Mutual had been extinguished.
A careful reading of the settlement agreement indicates that the parties contemplated only a continuation of Wean's contribution action and not a subsequent direct action by Grujovski against Liberty Mutual.
There appears to be no other explanation for the provision conveying a one-half interest in Wean's contribution claim to Grujovski. See fn 2, supra. Both Wean's contribution claim and a potential direct action by Grujovski against Liberty Mutual would be based on the same allegedly negligent conduct. If Grujovski had contemplated a subsequent direct action, why would he have negotiated for a portion of Wean's contribution claim? We conclude that the provision was included in recognition of the fact that a subsequent direct action would be barred by the statute of limitations.
Since the statute of limitations had run on Grujovski's claim against Liberty Mutual, and since the agreement expressly released Wean from liability, the functional purpose and impact of the agreement was to discharge both alleged tortfeasors from all liability for Grujovski's injuries. See Criterion Ins Co v Laitala, 658 P.2d 112 (Alas, 1983). Wean's $160,000 payment does, therefore, represent an entire, though compromised, satisfaction of Grujovski's personal injury claim.
We conclude that Wean is entitled under the equitable rules of contribution to a trial on its allegations of negligence. Of course, we express no opinion on whether Wean can prove these allegations by a preponderance of the evidence.
Reversed and remanded for a trial on Wean's counter-complaint.