Opinion
No. 04-CR-156(JBW).
December 6, 2005.
Lee Joshua Freedman, United States Attorneys Office, Brooklyn, NY, for Plaintiff.
Louis M. Freeman, Freeman, Nooter, Ginsberg, New York, NY, David L. Lewis, Lewis Fiore, New York, NY, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
I. Introduction
In this capital prosecution, defendant moves to strike Count Two of the Third Superseding Indictment ("the indictment") on the grounds that it violates the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution. He argues that, since the death penalty statute under which he is charged did not exist at the time of the alleged murder, he cannot be prosecuted on this count. The government opposes, contending that, since the charged crime is composed of both an underlying conspiracy and a murder, the crime was ongoing even after the killing for as long as the conspiracy existed. It is undisputed that the murder occurred before the enactment of the statute at issue and that the alleged conspiracy continued after the enactment of the statute.
For the reasons indicated below, the motion is granted. It should be noted that the indictment charges defendant with another capital crime for the same killing under a slightly different theory. See Third Sup. Ind. 1. That count is not challenged.
II. Facts
The government has alleged that, as part of a conspiracy to deal in narcotics, defendant lured Jose Rosario to defendant's apartment with the intention of killing him and then shot him several times. See Gov't. Response to Def.'s Mot. to Strike Death Notice 1-2 (Docket No. 47). Count Two of the indictment charges defendant with the firearm-related murder of Rosario, a capital crime. The charge reads as follows:
On or about September 17, 1992, within the Southern District of New York, the defendant HUMBERTO PEPIN TAVERAS, known as `Tony' and `Luis Rosario,' in the course of a violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 924(c), to wit: knowingly and intentionally using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, and knowingly and intentionally possessing a firearm in furtherance of said drug trafficking crime, did knowingly and intentionally cause the death of a person through the use of a firearm, which killing is a murder as defined in Title 18, United States Code, Section 1111 (a), in that the defendant, with malice aforethought, did unlawfully kill Jose Rosario, also known as `Barrigita,' willfully, deliberately, maliciously and with premeditation.
Third Sup. Ind. 2.
While the charge does not mention a conspiracy, the government has treated it as if it does. See Gov't. Resp. to Def.'s Mot. 1 (Docket No. 93) ("Count Two charges Pepin, under Section 924(j), with using a firearm to kill Jose Rosario in 1992 in furtherance of a drug conspiracy."). Defense counsel asserts that this count charges only a crime of violence, not a drug trafficking crime. See Def.'s Reply 3 (Docket No. 95) ("[T]he count as charged is a crime of violence under § 924(c), and not a drug trafficking crime. Count 1 is the drug trafficking crime.").
At oral argument, the government analyzed Count Two as charging a murder during a drug conspiracy:
MR. FREEDMAN: . . . The issue is that Mr. Pepin is charged not with just a murder but with the murder in furtherance of a drug conspiracy.
. . .
[T]he murder permitted the conspiracy to continue as a necessary fact.
. . .
[T]he murder is what presumably Congress relied upon and chose to make this a capital crime. In ex post facto analysis there is nothing that says that you look at one element over another element in terms of deciding whether or not there is an ex post facto violation.
Here the defendant hadn't stopped his conspiracy before the enactment of the [statute]. The conspiracy couldn't have continued but for the murder.
Tr. of Dec. 1, 2005 13:7-9, 14:12-20 ("Tr."). Defendant did not object to the government's characterization of the charge.
For the purposes of defendant's ex post facto challenge, the court assumes that Count Two of the indictment validly charges an underlying drug conspiracy.
III. Law
Clause 3 of Section 9 of Article I of the United States Constitution declares, "No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed." This prohibition includes "[e]very law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime, when committed." Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 390 (1798); see also, e.g., Dobbert v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 292, 97 S. Ct. 2290, 2298 (1977) ("It is settled, by decisions of this Court so well known that their citation may be dispensed with, that any statute . . . which makes more burdensome the punishment for a crime, after its commission . . . is prohibited as ex post facto." (citing Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169-170, 46 S.Ct. 68, 68 (1925)). Even statutory revival of a criminal prosecution after the statute of limitations has expired threatens the harm of distraction of quietude ex post facto rules protect against. Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607, 123 S. Ct. 2446 (2003).
Some of the parties' confusion can be attributed to the many layers of the statute under which defendant is charged. It reads as follows:
A person who, in the course of a violation of subsection (c), causes the death of a person through the use of a firearm, shall — (1) if the killing is a murder (as defined in section 1111), be punished by death or by imprisonment for any term of years or for life . . .18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1) (emphasis supplied). Section 1111 of Title 18 defines murder as "the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought." 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a).
The reference in section 924(j)(1) to "subsection (c)" is to section 924(c), which provides punishment for "any person who, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm. . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(a) (emphasis supplied).
The term "drug trafficking crime" includes "any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2). The government has alleged that defendant participated in a drug trafficking crime, to wit: a conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine and heroin. See Gov't. Resp. to Def.'s Mot. 1; Gov't. Response to Def.'s Mot. to Strike Death Notice 2; see also 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A); 21 U.S.C. § 963.
In sum, for purposes of this motion, Count Two of the indictment is treated as one pursuant to section 924(j)(1) of Title 18 — as a capital charge against defendant for killing Rosario with malice aforethought using a firearm in the course of a conspiracy to distribute drugs.
The murder of Rosario occurred on or about September 17, 1992. Third Sup. Ind. 2. Section 924(j)(1) was added, under a different heading, to Title 18 by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub.L. No. 103-322, § 60013 (1994). Before enactment of the statute, the crime defendant is charged with committing in Count Two would have been punishable under Title 18 by a term of imprisonment only.
Citing recent precedent from the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, the government contends that the duration of the underlying drug conspiracy should determine the date the criminal conduct was completed. See United States v. Cuervo, 354 F.3d 969, 991-2 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 199 (2004), vac'd on other grounds sub nom. Norman v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1049 (2005). According to this argument, the two elements of firearm-related murder under section 924(j)(1) — murder with a firearm and the underlying drug trafficking crime — are equally vital in determining the duration of the offense and must be conjoined contemporaneously. Had defendant discontinued his alleged drug conspiracy at any point before the passage of the 1994 act, the government concedes, he would not have been subject to its provisions. Because he continued his drug conspiracy beyond the date of the new statute, the government avers, he can be prosecuted for both the conspiracy and the 1992 murder together — now a capital offense.
The Cuervo court, in a brief analysis, relied upon a United States Supreme Court case on venue, United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno, 526 U.S. 275, 281-2, 119 S. Ct. 1239, 1243-4 (1999) (kidnaping continued until victim was released), for a ruling on an ex post facto challenge to an indictment. Rodriguez-Moreno had held that venue was proper, on a charge of using a firearm in furtherance of a kidnaping, in any place where the underlying kidnaping took place. See id.
The Supreme Court did not suggest that the case had anything to do with a "new" statute or with retroactive applicability, making the Eighth Circuit reliance on it for ex post facto analysis puzzling. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied the "tenets" of Rodriguez-Moreno to hold that two defendants who had possessed firearms in furtherance of a drug conspiracy could be tried, even though the law criminalizing possession had not taken effect until after the defendants had ceased to possess the weapons, because the underlying drug conspiracy offense "continued to occur until the end of the conspiracy." United States v. Cuervo, 354 F.2d at 992.
IV. Application of Law to Facts
The government's argument is unpersuasive. Cuervo should not be applied in the present case. An ex post facto challenge relies upon a fundamental protection afforded a criminal defendant, viz., the right to be on fair notice of the consequences of his actions before he acts. In a case such as the present one, that refuge is unbreachable.
Defendant's alleged drug conspiracy became a capital offense because of the concurrent murder. The coincidence of the murder and the drug conspiracy is critical for ex post facto analysis. The crime was completed when the murder was committed during the conspiracy.
V. Conclusion
Defendant's motion to strike Count Two of the indictment charging the firearm-related murder of Jose Rosario during the course of a drug conspiracy is granted.
SO ORDERED.