Summary
affirming a § 3C1.2 enhancement because the defendant led police officers on a high-speed chase, rammed several police vehicles, drove onto the sidewalk and crashed his vehicle
Summary of this case from United States v. Carrero-HernándezOpinion
No. 99-1330.
May 24, 2000.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS [Hon. Frank H. Freedman, Senior U.S. District Judge].
Veronica J. White, by appointment of the court, for appellant.
Jennifer H. Zacks, Assistant United States Attorney, with whomDonald K. Stern, United States Attorney, and William M. Welch II, Assistant United States Attorney, was on brief for the United States.
Before BOUDIN, Circuit Judge, BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge, and LYNCH, Circuit Judge.
David Cruz was indicted in December 1995 and charged with participating in a drug conspiracy and related counts. 21 U.S.C. § 841, 846, 853, 856. The gist of the charges was that he had been involved in a ring based in Springfield, Massachusetts, which manufactured and sold at least 62 kilograms of powder cocaine and 770 grams of crack cocaine over a five-year period. In January 1997, on a date previously scheduled for trial, Cruz pled guilty to the conspiracy count and a forfeiture count pursuant to a plea agreement with the government.
Later, Cruz also pled guilty to a specific distribution count, apparently in an effort to bar or dissuade the state from imposing an additional penalty for the conduct involved in that distribution. This wrinkle does not affect any of the issues presented on this appeal.
On February 25, 1999, after a sentencing hearing, Cruz was sentenced to 180 months in prison. The guideline range computed by the district court, after crediting Cruz with time spent in state custody on a related offense, was 250-315 months, but a lesser sentence — 180 months — was imposed after the district court departed downward based on the government's motion describing the nature and extent of Cruz's cooperation with and substantial assistance to the government. U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. Cruz has now appealed, challenging his sentence but not the judgment of conviction.
It is worth noting at the outset that almost all of the claims now made on appeal were not presented to the district court. We need not decide which if any could fairly be described as expressly "waived" and thus not subject to review under any standard (although the court may always choose on its own to correct fault where a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result). United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993). It is enough that the claims not presented at the district court also do not rise to the level of "plain error," which is the usual standard applied where a claim is not properly preserved. Olano, 507 U.S. at 732-35;United States v. Lilly, 13 F.3d 15, 18 n. 6 (1st Cir. 1994).
Cruz first argues that the government induced him to cooperate and plead guilty by indicating that his sentence might be as low as 10 years and then breached this commitment, or at least acted in bad faith, by recommending a 19-year sentence; as already noted, the district judge departed downward to 15 years. Cruz says that at the very least he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing (which he never requested) on the good faith issue. Cruz's arguments are without merit.
So far as it appears, the Assistant United States Attorney indicated at some point in the plea bargaining process that to qualify for a recommendation as low as ten years, Cruz would have to inculpate someone equivalent to a notorious Colombian drug figure named by the prosecutor. However, the government found that Cruz's cooperation was halting, initially incomplete and of limited value — although sufficient to justify the downward departure motion already noted. If there is any basis for the promise of a ten-year sentence more specific than what we have just described, it is not revealed in Cruz's brief.
The plea agreement that Cruz entered reserved to the government complete freedom to recommend a particular sentence or make no recommendation at all. And the agreement contained an integration clause saying that it was the complete agreement between the parties, that no other promises had been made, and that the agreement superseded the "prior understandings, if any, of the parties, whether written or oral." And before the sentencing, Cruz made clear his disappointment with the government's refusal to recommend a ten-year sentence but never claimed this to be a breach of any agreement.
Against this background, the claims of a breach, bad faith or the need for an evidentiary hearing are close to frivolous. There is no ambiguity in the agreement, see United States v. Alegria, 192 F.3d 179, 185 (1st Cir. 1999), and there is no indication of bad faith, id. at 187. The government did not promise a recommendation of ten years at any stage, nor is there any evidence that its evaluation of Cruz's cooperation was made in bad faith (the government's reasons were provided in detail in its section 5K1.1 submission to the district court). The idea that there is any lurking plain error here is nonsense.
In a slightly more interesting variant on this theme, Cruz says that the government promised that if substantial assistance were provided, it would move "under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) and U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. . . ." In the end, the government moved under the guideline provision but did not explicitly mention section 3553(e), which would have permitted a departure below the statutory minimum. The government says that it is not obliged to move under both provisions, although given the language of the plea agreement this point is at least debatable; but it also asserts without disagreement from Cruz that the mandatory minimum sentence was ten years. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii).
This issue was not raised in the district court, but waiver and standard of review are beside the point because there is no indication that the failure to seek a departure under section 3553(e) had any effect on the sentence adverse to Cruz. The district judge chose to impose a sentence well above what the government and the defendant treat as the statutory minimum. Cruz has not even attempted to explain how he was prejudiced by the failure to reduce the sentencing floor below ten years where the district judge had no intention of departing downward to that floor, let alone below it.
As it happens, a statutory departure may have occurred. Both the pre-sentence report and the plea agreement indicate that the statutory minimum sentence was 20 years because of Cruz's prior conviction for a felony drug offense, 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). If so, the government's recommendation of a 19-year sentence could be treated as a motion to depart below the statutory minimum. See Melendez v. United States, 518 U.S. 120, 126 n. 5 (1996).
Cruz's second argument is that the district court did not give him sufficient credit at sentencing for 12 months that he had spent in New York State custody for conduct (specifically, a particular sale of drugs) that was also used to determine the offense level for the federal crime. As Cruz concedes, the district court did subtract the 12 months from the initial minimum guideline range sentence of 262-327 months, reducing it to 250-315 months, before departing downward for substantial assistance. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) n. 2 (adjust the sentence for period of imprisonment already served).
However, Cruz now says that the district court should have departed downward and then subtracted the 12 months, a sequence that would produce a lower federal sentence if the district court had computed the amount of the downward departure in a particular way, i.e., by determining that the defendant's pre-departure minimum guideline sentence should be reduced by or to a specific percentage. In the district court, the defendant's counsel not only made no objection to the sequence used but affirmatively endorsed it, supporting the government's claim that there was an affirmative waiver (so that the calculation should not even be reviewed for plain error). See Olano, 507 U.S. at 733. In any event, Cruz was not prejudiced.
The district court did not purport to use a mechanical percentage to determine the downward departure. Presumably, like most judges, the district judge was primarily concerned with reaching a result that seemed just in light of the severity of the offense, the defendant's past record, and the degree of assistance that had been furnished to the government. There is no indication that the district court's final choice of 180 months as the proper sentence would have been any different had it been told that the 12 months should be subtracted after the downward departure, as it could easily have done by departing downward to 192 months and then giving credit for time served.
Cruz's third major argument is that the district court erred in failing to make a detailed finding on one issue relating to drug quantities. The pre-sentence report attributed to Cruz responsibility for 62 kilograms of powder cocaine and 770 grams of crack cocaine. Cruz objected at sentencing that some of the powder cocaine had been used to make the crack so that there was a measure of double counting. However, defense counsel conceded that the calculation dispute would not affect the guideline range, explaining that Cruz wanted to preserve the objection in case Congress later reduced the penalties for crack and made the reduced penalties retroactive.
The district court declined to resolve the dispute on the ground that it had no effect on the present sentence. Under Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(c)(1), the district court is permitted to bypass controverted facts where the matter "will not affect" sentencing. Here, Cruz's base offense level would have been the same if only the amount of powder cocaine were considered. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(2) n. 10. Accordingly, the district court did not have to consider the double counting issue. See United States v.Miller, 951 F.2d 164, 165 (8th Cir. 1991).
On appeal Cruz contends for the first time that the double counting issue might have affected the sentence. Cruz's theory is that if the district court had found a lesser quantity of drugs, it might have deemed this a mitigating circumstance not adequately considered by the guidelines and thus warranting a further downward departure under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b). Ignoring waiver and plain error limitations, the argument is silly: the guidelines specifically prescribe offense levels based on quantity, and Cruz's suggested departure could hardly be a matter not adequately considered by the Commission. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b).
Cruz's fourth argument is that there was an insufficient basis for the two-level enhancement of his sentence for recklessly endangering another person while fleeing from a law enforcement officer. U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2. The pre-sentence report described, with respect to one of the drug transactions, Cruz's attempted flight from arresting officers, leading to a high-speed chase through Springfield during which Cruz rammed several police vehicles, drove up onto the sidewalk and eventually crashed his own vehicle.
Cruz stipulated in his plea agreement that he was subject to the two-level enhancement based on this incident so the objection has arguably been waived. In any event, there is, once again, no indication of any error — let alone a plain error. The facts in the presentence report adequately support the enhancement. See, e.g.,United States v. Conley, 131 F.3d 1387, 1389-90 (10th Cir. 1997),cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1087 (1998). And Cruz is mistaken in thinking that it matters whether the persons he hit or nearly hit were law enforcement officers; it is enough that he created a substantial risk of injury to any person while fleeing from law enforcement. U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2 n. 4.
In his final claim, Cruz says that the district court should have granted him a larger downward departure based on his pre-sentence rehabilitation or based on his pre-trial confinement in a detention center where (he says) the conditions are harsher than those at ordinary Bureau of Prisons facilities. In the district court Cruz did not ask for a downward departure based on these factors and — absent a mistake of law — refusal to depart on these grounds would not be reviewable in any event. United States v.Pierro, 32 F.3d 611, 619 (1st Cir. 1994). As it happens, the district court did comment favorably on Cruz's efforts at rehabilitation and presumably considered them in determining the final sentence.
None of the arguments made by Cruz in this appeal has the slightest merit and — to put the cork in the bottle — none of the episodes even remotely suggests that Cruz was poorly represented in the district court in connection with the sentencing. No criticism of appellate counsel is suggested: the appeal was well handled on Cruz's behalf and a criminal defendant is entitled to be zealously represented. But in future cases of this kind, a citation in an unpublished opinion to this opinion can be taken to indicate that the arguments in question are as hopeless as those before us now.
Affirmed.