Opinion
No. 02 C 1667
December 24, 2002
Thomas Anderson, Oxford, WI, pro se.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Thomas Anderson pled guilty to one count of embezzlement, and was sentenced to 41 months imprisonment and ordered to pay restitution. Mr. Anderson appealed various aspects of his sentence, which was upheld. He now brings a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. I grant the motion in part, and deny the motion in part.
The facts of this case are more fully set out in United States v. Anderson, 259 F.3d 853, 856-57 (7th Cir. 2001), but are essentially as follows. As an assistant branch manager at TCF National Bank ("TCF") in Hickory Hills, Illinois, Mr. Anderson embezzled $30,650 from the account of TCF customer Lottie Wasserbauer. Mr. Anderson pled guilty to a charge of embezzlement arising from this conduct. At the sentencing hearing, I found that Mr. Anderson also made unauthorized withdrawals from the account of another TCF customer ("Kern relevant conduct"), as well as two additional withdrawals from the Wasserbauer account ("Wasserbauer relevant conduct"). Some or all of these withdrawals were made with the help of unwitting TCF employees, including one who was a minor at the time. I also found that Mr. Anderson lied under oath at the sentencing hearing and that he did not accept responsibility for his actions. As a result of these findings, I sentenced Mr. Anderson to 41 months imprisonment, four years of supervised release, and a $100 special assessment. I also directed Mr. Anderson to pay $62,627.58 in restitution for the Kern and Wasserbauer relevant conduct. This sentence was upheld by the Seventh Circuit. Id.
The original $30,650 that had been removed from the Wasserbauer account had already been repaid. (Tr. at 6-7.)
Mr. Anderson, acting pro se, now seeks relief under § 2255. His brief is lengthy and overlapping, but I will try to address each of his claims in the order in which he presents them. Essentially, he makes three broad claims for relief: ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing, ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal, and a due process argument that he was sentenced based on false and unreliable information. Additionally, he asks me to reconsider my findings that he lied under oath at the sentencing and failed to accept responsibility for his actions.
1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at Sentencing
In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Mr. Anderson must show that the performance of his attorney, Lawrence Morrissey, was deficient, and that he was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Kitchen v. United States, 227 F.3d 1014, 1019-20 (7th Cir. 2000) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)). Judicial review of attorney performance is highly deferential, and there is a strong presumption that the attorney's performance was reasonable. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Even if Mr. Morrissey's performance was deficient, Mr. Anderson must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for the deficient performance, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Id. at 694. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. Mr. Anderson points to several instances of Mr. Morrissey's performance that he argues are both deficient and prejudicial.
A. Failure to Submit Favorable Evidence
Mr. Anderson first argues that Mr. Morrissey's assistance was ineffective because he failed to submit as evidence certain reports ("302 Statements") made by FBI agent Maureen Reddy following her interviews with three TCF employees whom Mr. Anderson allegedly used to engage in the Kern relevant conduct. Mr. Anderson argues that the 302 Statements show that these employees were working as Sales and Service Representatives ("SSRs" or "personal bankers"), not tellers. Mr. Anderson argues that this distinction is relevant because, according to bank policy, personal bankers are not permitted to perform cash withdrawals at the direction of other bank employees unless the customer is physically presented to the banker completing the transaction. Agent Reddy testified at the sentencing hearing that several of the transactions in the Kern relevant conduct involved Mr. Anderson presenting a withdrawal ticket to an employee with access to a cash drawer who would withdraw money from Ms. Kern's account and give the cash to Mr. Anderson, apparently assuming that Ms. Kern was back in Mr. Anderson's office. (Tr. at 39.) Agent Reddy referred to these employees as tellers, but even if they were actually personal bankers as Mr. Anderson contends, the distinction is irrelevant here. The fact that there was a policy in place prohibiting personal bankers from performing cash withdrawals for other employees without personally seeing the customer does not mean that the policy was strictly adhered to and that it would have been impossible for Mr. Anderson to use the employees in the manner presented by the United States. It is not unreasonable to believe that the employees, even if personal bankers, completed withdrawals for Mr. Anderson without personally seeing Ms. Kern because they were under the mistaken impression that she was in Mr. Anderson's office. The fact that Mr. Morrissey did not-submit as evidence the 302 Statements from those employees does not undermine confidence in the sentencing. Thus, even if Mr. Morrissey's performance was constitutionally deficient in not submitting the statements — a dubious proposition at best considering the strong presumption of reasonable performance — the effect was not prejudicial.
B. Failure to Request or Obtain Favorable Evidence
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's performance was deficient because he failed to request or obtain corroborative and exculpatory bank records. First, he claims that certain bank records would indicate the capacity in which the employees he allegedly used in the Kern relevant conduct were working. But as discussed above, the SSR/teller distinction is irrelevant here. Second, he argues that bank records would show that he did not change Ms. Wasserbauer's address information. This is relevant, he claims, because I found that Mr. Anderson had changed the address information of Ms. Kern. Because he allegedly changed Ms. Kern's address, but did not change Ms. Wasserbauer's, Mr. Anderson argues that the Kern relevant conduct was not the "same course of conduct" as the charged Wasserbauer embezzlement. Whether the Kern conduct was performed in the exact same way as the charged Wasserbauer conduct is irrelevant, however. I found — and the appellate court affirmed — that Mr. Anderson engaged in the Kern relevant conduct. The guidelines allow me to consider as relevant any conduct "that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction." USSG § 1B1.3. The guidelines do not require the relevant conduct to be the "same course of conduct."
Mr. Anderson also argues that the fact that he allegedly changed Ms. Kern's address but not Ms. Wasserbauer's address is actually evidence that he did not commit the Kern relevant conduct. Why, he asks, if he were trying to hide his involvement in the Kern relevant conduct, would he complete a change of address himself? He didn't in the case of Ms. Wasserbauer, he argues. But my finding that he engaged in the Kern relevant conduct had nothing to do with whether or not he ever changed Ms. Wasserbauer's address information. Thus, any evidence that Mr. Morrissey failed to obtain indicating that there was no address change for Ms. Wasserbauer is not relevant, and the failure to obtain it was not prejudicial.
Finally, Mr. Anderson argues that bank records not obtained by Mr. Morrissey would show that the bank had an ongoing internal theft problem not attributable to Mr. Anderson. The fact that there may have been others engaging in misconduct at TCF does not change the evidence that supported my finding that Mr. Anderson engaged in the relevant conduct. Thus, any failure to request and obtain evidence supporting this fact was not prejudicial to Mr. Anderson.
C. Failure to Interview or Call Possible Defense Witnesses
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's assistance was ineffective because he failed to call various defense witnesses. Specifically, Mr. Anderson argues that Mr. Morrissey should have called three TCF employees he allegedly used in the Kern relevant conduct to testify. Mr. Anderson states that these employees would have testified as to their status as personal bankers and the bank's policy regarding transactions made for other employees. As discussed above, however, whether these employees were acting as personal bankers or tellers is irrelevant, and the failure to call them as witnesses was not prejudicial.
Mr. Anderson also argues that Mr. Morrissey should have called TCF manager Ryan Connelly to testify about bank procedures. Mr. Anderson claims that Mr. Connelly's testimony would have contradicted the testimony of Alia Shehadi, a teller allegedly used in the Kern relevant conduct. Ms. Shehadi testified that she needed a code from her supervisors to access certificate of deposit ("CD") accounts, the type of accounts involved in the Kern relevant conduct. Mr. Anderson states that Mr. Connelly would have testified that there is a way for tellers to access CD accounts without a code. Whether or not tellers need a code, Ms. Shehadi testified that she had only been working at the bank four or five months and that she did not know how to access CD accounts without a supervisor's code. (Tr. at 71.) Thus, Mr. Connelly's testimony would have done little to contradict Ms. Shehadi's testimony, and Mr. Morrissey's failure to call Mr. Connelly as a witness was not prejudicial to Mr. Anderson.
D. Failure to Interview and Impeach Government Witnesses
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's assistance was ineffective because he failed to interview and impeach the testimony of Agent Reddy and Ms. Shehadi. The only testimony of Agent Reddy that Mr. Anderson argues should have been contested by Mr. Morrissey involves the irrelevant SSR/teller distinction. Mr. Morrisey's failure to pursue this line of questioning with Agent Reddy was not prejudicial. Mr. Anderson also argues that Mr. Morrissey should have contested Ms. Shehadi's testimony regarding her ability to access CD accounts. As noted above, however, Ms. Shehadi simply testified that she herself needed a supervisor's code. Attempting to impeach her on this point would have been of extremely limited value. Mr. Anderson also notes that Mr. Morrissey should have impeached Ms. Shehadi's testimony as biased because she indicated in her 302 Statement that she disliked Mr. Anderson. Failure to impeach Ms. Shehadi's testimony on this basis, however, hardly undermines confidence in the sentencing, and Mr. Morrissey's performance here was thus not prejudicial.
E. Failure to Object to False and Unreliable Information
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's assistance was ineffective because he failed to object to the Government's use of false and unreliable information regarding the Wasserbauer relevant conduct. The Wasserbauer relevant conduct involved two $1,000 withdrawals from the Wasserbauer account performed by Ms. Shehadi and another teller, Laurie Mullen. Mr. Anderson argues that in finding that he had engaged in the Wasserbauer relevant conduct, both I and the appellate court relied on the fact that Ms. Shehadi and Ms. Mullen could not have completed $1,000 withdrawals without a supervisor's authorization. Mr. Anderson claims that this is not true, and that tellers can perform $1,000 withdrawals on their own. Even if Mr. Anderson is correct, there was much additional evidence supporting the finding that Mr. Anderson ordered these two withdrawals. As the appellate court noted, these withdrawals were made by tellers supervised by Mr. Anderson on days in which he was working at the bank, both Ms. Mullen and Ms. Shehadi indicated that they often made similar withdrawals for Mr. Anderson, Ms. Shehadi testified that she did not take money for herself from the Wasserbauer account, and Mr. Anderson admitted to personally making unauthorized withdrawals from the same account during that time period. Anderson, 259 F.3d at 860. Thus, even if Mr. Morrissey could have shown that tellers could perform $1,000 transactions without supervisor authorization, his failure to do so was not prejudicial.
The only evidence Mr. Anderson cites for his claim that tellers can perform $1,000 withdrawals on their own is testimony of Ms. Shehadi when she agreed with the prosecution when asked "[I]s it correct that tellers are only authorized to make withdrawals of $1,000 or less without a supervisor s signature?" (Tr. at 80-81.) This testimony came during questioning about withdrawals from the Kern account in the amounts of $1,500, $3,000, and $4,500. Id.
Mr. Anderson also argues that various statements made by Agent Reddy in her testimony were false and unreliable. Mr. Anderson's unsupported allegations, however, do not undermine confidence in the sentencing, and Mr. Morrissey's failure to object to these statements was not prejudicial.
F. Failure to Object to Wasserbauer Relevant Conduct for Insufficient Evidence
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey should have objected to the finding that 1Mr. Anderson engaged in the Wasserbauer relevant conduct because there was insufficient evidence to support this allegation. As discussed above, however, even assuming that Mr. Anderson is correct that tellers could perform $1,000 withdrawals without supervisor approval, there was sufficient evidence to support the finding that Mr. Anderson was responsible for the two additional unauthorized withdrawals from the Wasserbauer account. Mr. Morrissey's failure to raise an insufficiency of the evidence argument was not prejudicial.
G. Failure to Object to Prosecution's Improper Statements
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's assistance was ineffective because he failed to object to improper statements made by the prosecution. He claims that the prosecution referred to crimes not presented or even in existence in an effort to portray Mr. Anderson as a serial embezzler. Specifically, Mr. Anderson argues that Mr. Morrissey should have objected to prosecution statements that the Government believed there were other victims, that the bank was looking into other apparent instances of Mr. Anderson changing customer addresses, and that the Government believed it had "only hit the tip of the iceberg." (Tr. at 113-14). Mr. Anderson's sentence was based on evidence presented at the sentencing hearing, not argument by the prosecution that he may have engaged in other, undiscovered illegal activity. Even if Mr. Morrissey had objected to these statements at the sentencing hearing, the outcome would have been the same. His failure to do so was not prejudicial.
H. Failure to Advise Mr. Anderson Against Testifying
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's counsel was ineffective because Mr. Morrissey failed to advise Mr. Anderson against testifying. Mr. Anderson was proceeding under a theory of actual innocence as to the relevant conduct accusations. (Tr. at 82) (Mr. Morrissey: "My client wishes to testify, Judge. He didn't take this money and wants the Court to know that.") Given the strong presumption that an attorney's performance was reasonable, I cannot say that a tactical decision by Mr. Morrissey not to advise his client against testifying as to his side of the story and alternative theories of the transactions would constitute deficient performance. Mr. Anderson is correct in noting that his testimony was the basis for the obstruction of justice and failure to accept responsibility adjustments. He lied under oath. That Mr. Anderson chose to lie on the stand, however, and subject himself to these additional penalties does not make Mr. Morrissey's alleged failure to advise Mr. Anderson against testifying, if that was indeed the case, unreasonable.
I. Failure to Object to Restitution Order
Mr. Anderson next argues that Mr. Morrissey's assistance was ineffective because he failed to object to the restitution order that Mr. Anderson now argues was improper. Mr. Anderson claims that restitution for the Kern relevant conduct and the Wasserbauer relevant conduct was not authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3663 and that ordering such restitution was contrary to the Supreme Court's decision in Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411 (1990), holding that restitution may not be ordered for anything other than the offense of conviction. See also United States v. Menza, 137 F.3d 533, 537 (7th Cir. 1998) (citing Hughey). Here, Mr. Anderson's offense of conviction was embezzlement. This offense was based on nine unauthorized withdrawals from Ms. Wasserbauer's account. The two additional unauthorized withdrawals from her account and the unauthorized withdrawals from Ms. Kern's account for which Mr. Anderson was ordered to pay restitution were not part of the offense of conviction. Mr. Anderson is thus correct in arguing that restitution was not warranted here. See United States v. Scott, 250 F.3d 550, 553 (7th Cir. 2001) ("Although [the conduct for which the district court ordered restitution was surely `relevant conduct,' it was not `charged conduct,' so without covering the topic in a plea agreement (recall, [defendant] pled guilty without an agreement), restitution . . . cannot be awarded.") (citing Menza). Had this issue been brought to my attention before or during the sentencing hearing, I would not have ordered restitution for the Kern and Wasserbauer relevant conduct. I see no tactical reason for failing to raise this issue, and consequently, Mr. Morrissey's failure to do so was both deficient performance and prejudicial to Mr. Anderson. As a result, the restitution order is vacated.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel on Appeal
Mr. Anderson's argument that he received ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal is essentially a claim that Mr. Morrissey failed to adequately communicate with Mr. Anderson and that he failed to raise certain issues on appeal as requested by Mr. Anderson. Mr. Anderson specifically points to Mr. Morrissey's failure to raise the issue of the Government's reliance on false and unreliable information and his failure to raise the restitution issue. With respect to the former, as I explained in Part I.E. above, the failure to object at the sentencing hearing to the Government's use of allegedly false and unreliable testimony was not prejudicial to Mr. Anderson. Failure to raise the issue before the appellate court was likewise not prejudicial. With respect to the restitution issue, Mr. Morrissey did raise the issue before the appellate court, although it appears to have been limited to a footnote calling the issue "a minor point" and "moot." (Def.'s Reply Ex. K.) Whether raising the issue in this manner is sufficient to constitute reasonable performance by Mr. Morrissey is immaterial, as I have already found his performance on this issue at sentencing deficient and vacated the restitution order.
III. Sentenced Based on False and Unreliable Information
Mr. Anderson argues that he is entitled to relief because he was sentenced on the basis of inaccurate information. His argument here simply rehashes arguments made in claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. Specifically, Mr. Anderson argues that his sentence was based on a misunderstanding of the SSR/teller distinction and false information about whether Ms. Shehadi and Ms. Mullen needed supervisor authority to make the withdrawals in the Wasserbauer relevant conduct. As discussed above, these issues were irrelevant to my finding that Mr. Anderson had engaged in the relevant conduct. Mr. Anderson thus presents no evidence that his sentence was based on false and unreliable information.
IV. Obstruction of Justice and Failure to Accept Responsibility
Finally, Mr. Anderson urges me to reconsider my findings at the sentencing hearing that he lied under oath and that he failed to accept responsibility for his actions. Mr. Anderson claims that based on the evidence and arguments presented in his brief, these findings no longer apply. Given that the only argument of Mr. Anderson's that had any success here involved the restitution order, which had nothing to do with my findings that Mr. Anderson lied under oath and failed to accept responsibility, there is no reason to reconsider those findings, which were upheld by the appellate court. See Anderson, 259 F.3d at 860-62.
V. Conclusion
Excepting the failure to raise the issue of the restitution order, Mr. Anderson received effective assistance of counsel, both at sentencing and on appeal. Additionally, he was not sentenced based on false and unreliable information, and there is no reason to reconsider my findings on obstruction of justice and failure to accept responsibility. Mr. Anderson's request for relief is therefore GRANTED with respect to the restitution order, which is hereby VACATED, and DENIED with respect to all other aspects of his sentence.