Opinion
No. 3:09–CR–38–TAV–CCS–3.
05-22-2014
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. Charles WARD, Defendant.
David P. Lewen, U.S. Department of Justice, Knoxville, TN, for Plaintiff.
David P. Lewen, U.S. Department of Justice, Knoxville, TN, for Plaintiff.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
THOMAS A. VARLAN, Chief Judge.
This criminal case is before the Court on the defendant's pro se Motion for Modification of Sentence Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582 [Doc. 93]. Amendment 750 to the United States Sentencing Guidelines (the “Guidelines”) implemented the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (“FSA”) and reduced the base offense level for most offenses involving crack cocaine. The United States filed a response in opposition, asserting that the defendant's Guidelines range was set by a statutory mandatory minimum, so Amendment 750 does not lower the applicable Guidelines range in this case [Doc. 110].
I. Legal Background
A district court may modify a defendant's sentence after judgment has been entered only if modification is permitted by statute. United States v. Ross, 245 F.3d 577, 586 (6th Cir.2001). Modification is permitted by § 3582(c)(2) when the sentencing range for the offense for which the defendant was sentenced has been lowered:
[I]n the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(o )... the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The applicable policy statement is section 1B1.10 of the Guidelines Manual, which designates the amendments to the Guidelines that may be applied retroactively. See Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 2691, 177 L.Ed.2d 271 (2010) (“A court's power under § 3592(c)(2) ... depends in the first instance on the Commission's decision not just to amend the Guidelines but to make the amendment retroactive.”); see also id. at 2693 (describing the Sentencing Commission's retroactivity determinations made pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(u) as “binding”). In relevant part, section 1B1.10 provides:
(a) Authority.
(1) In General.—In case in which a defendant is serving a term of imprisonment, and the guideline range applicable to that defendant has subsequently been lowered as result of an amendment to the Guidelines Manual listed in subsection (c) below, the court may reduce the defendant's term of imprisonment as provided by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). As required by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), any such reduction in the defendant's term of imprisonment shall be consistent with this policy statement.
(2) Exclusions.—A reduction in the defendant's term of imprisonment is not consistent with this policy statement and therefore is not authorized under 18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(2) if
...
(B) An amendment listed in subsection (c) does not have the effect of lowering the defendant's applicable guideline range.
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 1B1.10 (revised Nov. 1, 2012). The application notes to section 1B1.10 also provide that, in considering a reduction in a defendant's term of imprisonment, a court must consider the § 3553 factors and the danger to the public created by any reduction in a defendant's sentence. Id. § 1B1.10 cmt. n. 1(B). A court may also consider a defendant's post-sentencing conduct. Id.
The FSA altered the statutory penalties for offenses involving crack cocaine and directed the Sentencing Commission to promulgate emergency amendments that would bring the Guidelines into conformity with its provisions. The result of that directive was Amendment 748, a temporary, emergency amendment, which included a downward adjustment of the base offense levels for possession of crack cocaine. On April 6, 2011, the Sentencing Commission re-promulgated as permanent the provisions of Amendment 748 and on April 28, 2011, submitted the amendment for congressional review. See 76 Fed.Reg. 24960, 24962 (May 3, 2011). On June 30, 2011, the Sentencing Commission voted to give Amendment 748 retroactive effect, to be designated Amendment 750 in Appendix C of the Guidelines. See 76 Fed.Reg. 41332–35 (June 13, 2011). On November 1, 2011, Amendment 750 went into effect, thus authorizing retroactive application of the lowered offense levels contained in the FSA for offenses involving possession of crack cocaine. Because Amendment 750 may now be applied retroactively, see U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 1B1.10(c), if the sentencing range for the defendant's offense has been lowered by Amendment 750, then the Court has discretion under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce the defendant's sentence, after first considering the § 3553 factors and whether the reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.
II. Analysis
The defendant pleaded guilty to and was convicted of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(A) (“Count One”), knowingly maintaining a place for the purpose of manufacturing and distributing crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (“Count Two”), and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A) and 2 (“Count Three”) [Doc. 64]. In calculating the applicable Guidelines range, the probation officer found that the defendant had a base offense level of 30 for the conspiracy conviction [Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) ¶ 29]. After a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, his total offense level was 27 [Id. ¶¶ 35, 36]. Given the defendant's criminal history category of I, the corresponding Guidelines range for Count One was 70 to 87 months' imprisonment, but this range was restricted by the 120–month statutory mandatory minimum [Id. ¶¶ 44, 57, 58]. Thus, the effective Guidelines range for Count One was 120 months' imprisonment [Id. ¶ 58]. The government filed a motion for downward departure based upon the defendant's substantial assistance, and the Court granted that motion. The Court sentenced the defendant to 50 months' imprisonment for Counts One and Two, to run concurrently, and 60 months' imprisonment for Count Three, to run consecutively to the sentences for Counts One and Two, for a total sentence of 110 months' imprisonment [Doc. 64].
Were the defendant sentenced today, he would have a total offense level of 23 and an amended Guidelines range of 46 to 57 months' imprisonment for Counts One and Two. But the defendant would still be subject to a 120–month statutory mandatory minimum for Count One because § 3582(c) permits sentence reductions only pursuant to Guidelines amendments, not Supreme Court decisions or statutory changes, and so the Court cannot afford the defendant relief from the statutory mandatory minimum applied at sentencing under this framework. See United States v. Downs, 487 Fed.Appx. 286, 287 (6th Cir.2012) (“A sentence reduction pursuant to section 3582(c)(2) can only be made on the basis of amendments to the sentencing guidelines.”); United States v. Erazo, No. 3:08–cr–70, 2012 WL 4442528, at *3 (E.D.Tenn. Sept. 25, 2012) (recognizing that “Dorsey [v. U.S., ––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 2321, 183 L.Ed.2d 250 (2012) ] does not provide any independent basis to grant relief under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c).... [T]hat statute authorizes reductions based upon retroactive Guidelines amendments, ... [and] Dorsey is not a Guidelines amendment, but a Supreme Court decision.”). Therefore, Amendment 750 does not have the effect of lowering the defendant's Guidelines range, and his effective Guidelines range for Count One would be the same today as it was at the time of sentencing—120 months' imprisonment. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5G1.1(b) (“Where a statutorily required minimum sentence is greater than the maximum of the applicable guideline range, the statutorily required minimum sentence shall be the guideline sentence.”).
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, the defendant's pro se Motion for Modification of Sentence Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582 [Doc. 93] is hereby DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.