Opinion
21-35036
08-04-2022
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHNNY ELLERY SMITH, Defendant-Appellant.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
Argued and Submitted February 7, 2022 Portland, Oregon
Appeal from the United States District Court for Nos. 3:20-cv-01951-JO, 3:16-cr-00436-JO-1 the District of Oregon Robert E. Jones, District Judge, Presiding
Before: PAEZ and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and TUNHEIM, [**] District Judge.
MEMORANDUM [*]
Defendant Johnny Ellery Smith, an enrolled member of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, appeals the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. We previously affirmed Smith's convictions on direct appeal, holding that the federal government had jurisdiction to prosecute him for violations of Oregon law committed on the Warm Springs Reservation because the Assimilative Crimes Act ("ACA") applies to Indian country. United States v. Smith, 925 F.3d 410 (9th Cir. 2019). Smith now seeks to vacate his convictions on the ground that the Supreme Court's subsequent decisions in McGirt v. Oklahoma, 140 S.Ct. 2452 (2020) and Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta, 142 S.Ct. 2486 (2022) are "clearly irreconcilable" with our prior holding. See Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253, and we affirm.
In Smith, we held that the ACA applies to Indian country via the Indian Country Crimes Act ("ICCA"). 925 F.3d at 418. The ICCA extends to Indian country the "general laws of the United States as to the punishment of offenses committed in any place within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States." 18 U.S.C. § 1152. We reasoned in Smith that the "general laws" referred to in the ICCA are the laws governing federal enclaves. 925 F.3d at 418. Therefore, "[t]he ACA, as a federal enclave law, . . . applies to Indian country by operation of the ICCA." Id.
Castro-Huerta is not clearly irreconcilable with that holding. Smith does not dispute that the "general laws" extended to Indian country by the ICCA are the "federal laws that apply in federal enclaves." Castro-Huerta, 142 S.Ct. at 2495. Rather, he contends that the ACA is not among such "general laws" because "the ACA is not a federal criminal law." That question, however, was not decided in Castro-Huerta, which made no mention of the ACA. The relevant portion of
Castro-Huerta focused instead on whether the text of the ICCA rendered Indian country the equivalent of a federal enclave such that the federal government had exclusive jurisdiction to prosecute criminal offenses committed there. Id.
Finally, we also reject as unpersuasive Smith's contention that McGirt is clearly irreconcilable with our prior holding that his prosecution was not prohibited by the third exception to the ICCA's scope, which applies when a treaty stipulation reserves for a tribe "exclusive jurisdiction over [the relevant] offenses." See Smith, 925 F.3d at 420 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1152). McGirt does not address the ICCA exceptions, and its reasoning does not undermine Smith's analysis of them. See id. at 420-21.
Smith also held that the ACA applies to Indian country by its own terms (and not just via the ICCA). See 925 F.3d at 415-18. We reasoned that Indian country qualifies as a "federal enclave" under the ACA, and thus the ACA's provisions apply there. Id. Smith contends that this holding is undermined by McGirt because there is no clear expression of congressional intent to apply the ACA to the Reservation, and by Castro-Huerta because it implicitly held that Indian country and federal enclaves are not equivalents. We need not reach these arguments in light of our conclusion that the ACA applies to Indian country via the ICCA.
AFFIRMED.
[*] This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
[**] The Honorable John R. Tunheim, United States District Judge for the District of Minnesota, sitting by designation.