United States v. Papajohn, 701 F.2d [760] at 763 [8th Cir. 1983]." United States v. Shepherd, 739 F.2d 510, 515 (10th Cir. 1984). "[T]here is no abuse of discretion . . . admitting hearsay evidence . . . at hearing on sentence.
Id. at 286. However, in United States v. Shepherd, 739 F.2d 510, 515 (10th Cir. 1984), we explained that " Jones stands for the proposition that a defendant has the right to rebut or explain allegations made in a sentencing proceeding, not that the government must prove the allegations beyond a reasonable doubt." It is clear that "[d]ue process does not mandate an evidentiary hearing.
The significance lies entirely in the fact that the words were spoken. Thus, the statement does not fall within the Rule 801(c) definition of hearsay nor would the purposes of the hearsay rule be served by treating it as hearsay. See United States v. Shepherd, 739 F.2d 510, 514 (10th Cir. 1984) (hearsay rule inapplicable to statement which was, by its nature, neither true nor false). B. FNCF Business Records
United States v. Alfonso, 10 Cir., 738 F.2d 369, 371 was a trial to the court. United States v. Shepherd, 10 Cir., 739 F.2d 510, 514, and United States v. Petersen, 10 Cir., 611 F.2d 1313, 1330, cert. denied 447 U.S. 905, 100 S.Ct. 2985, 64 L.Ed.2d 854, presented question of the admissibility of statements of co-conspirators. See § 801(d)(2)(E).
Orders, instructions, or directives, "which by their nature are neither 'true' nor 'false,'" do not constitute hearsay if the statements are admitted to show the circumstantial intent of the declarant rather than a factual assertion. Mendez v. County of Alameda, No. C03-4485 PJH, 2005 WL 3157516, at *14 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 22, 2005); see also United States v. Shepherd, 739 F.2d 510, 514 (10th Cir. 1984); United States v. Keane, 522 F.2d 534, 558 (7th Cir. 1975), overruled on other grounds by, McNally v. United States, 483 U.S. 350 (1987). In these instances, the credibility and the reliability of the declarant is not at issue.
The defendants point to the fact that Garcia earlier gave a statement to postal inspectors denying any agreement for referring patients to Charter by the Sea. The defendants argue that Garcia's contrary testimony was unreliable and uncorroborated; thus, it should not have been admitted. Unlike United States v. Shepherd, 739 F.2d 510, 512-13 (10th Cir. 1984), which the defendants cite as authority, the 404(b) testimony here is corroborated. Garcia's testimony about the arrangement at Charter by the Sea is evidenced by other than his testimony. In particular, Garcia visited St. Simon's Island on two occasions, Garcia referred patients to Charter by the Sea, and Garcia received a check from Charter by the Sea covering expenses for a committee meeting arranged by him.
Prior to the enactment of the Sentencing Guidelines, the circuit courts had uniformly held that reliable hearsay evidence could be considered in the sentencing determination. See e.g. U.S. v. Shepherd, 739 F.2d 510, 515 (10th Cir. 1984) (the sentencing judge may properly consider uncorroborated hearsay evidence that the defendant has had an opportunity to rebut or explain.) .