Summary
holding "it would be frivolous for counsel to argue that Redden is not a career offender."
Summary of this case from Redden v. United StatesOpinion
No. 17-1405
11-08-2017
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Brian L. REDDEN, Defendant-Appellant.
Robert L. Garrison, Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Criminal Division, Fairview Heights, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellee. Brian L. Redden, Pro se.
Robert L. Garrison, Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Criminal Division, Fairview Heights, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellee.
Brian L. Redden, Pro se.
Before Easterbrook, Kanne, and Hamilton, Circuit Judges.
Easterbrook, Circuit Judge.
After pleading guilty to possessing cocaine with intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), Brian Redden was sentenced to 151 months' imprisonment and 3 years' supervised release. He appealed, but his appointed lawyer has moved to withdraw under Anders v. California , 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967), representing that the appeal is frivolous.
We grant that motion, largely for reasons detailed in a nonprecedential order released together with this opinion. One issue raised in Redden's response to the Anders brief may have significance for other appeals and justifies discussion in a published opinion.
The district court treated Redden as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 because of his prior convictions. Redden contends that one of these—delivery of a controlled substance in violation of 720 ILCS 570/401 —should not have been classified as a "controlled substance offense" for the purpose of § 4B1.1(a)(3) because the elements of that Illinois crime differ from the definition in § 4B1.2(b):
The term "controlled substance offense" means an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.
Redden observes that United States v. Hinkle , 832 F.3d 569 (5th Cir. 2016), holds that the Texas offense of delivering a controlled substance includes conduct that falls outside this definition and so is not a "controlled substance offense". He contends that we should treat Illinois law the same way.
The key phrase in § 4B1.2(b) is "manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing". As with most other recidivist enhancements, these words are applied to the elements of the crime of conviction, not to what the accused did in fact. See, e.g., Mathis v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 2243, 195 L.Ed.2d 604 (2016). Hinkle found that the elements of the Texas crime do not match the specifications in § 4B1.2(b) because it is unlawful in Texas to offer a controlled substance for sale, as well as to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense it. See also United States v. Madkins , 866 F.3d 1136, 1145 (10th Cir. 2017) (same conclusion about Kansas law).
Illinois, by contrast, does not make it a crime to offer a controlled substance. The definition that underlies the offense established by 720 ILCS 570/401 tells us that "deliver" and "delivery" mean an "actual, constructive or attempted transfer". 720 ILCS 570/102(h). Any conduct meeting the state's definition of "delivery" comes within § 4B1.2(b) because "transfer" is just another word for distribute or dispense. Because Illinois law lacks the feature that made possible a substantive conviction in Texas or Kansas without meeting the requirements of § 4B1.2(b), it would be frivolous for counsel to argue that Redden is not a career offender.
Counsel's motion to withdraw is granted, and the appeal is dismissed as frivolous.