Opinion
Case No. 03-40031-01-DDC
05-04-2018
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. MARTIN LEE PARIS (01), Defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the court on defendant Martin Lee Paris's Motion to Vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Doc. 86. After Mr. Paris pleaded guilty to bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), the court sentenced him to a 180-month prison sentence and three years of supervised release. Doc. 71. Mr. Paris's § 2255 motion invokes the Supreme Court's decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), holding that the residual clause contained in the Armed Career Criminal Act is unconstitutionally vague, to argue that his sentence was improperly enhanced as a career offender under the identically-worded residual clause of United States Sentencing Guideline § 4B1.2.
In response to the parties' joint request, the court stayed the case pending the Tenth Circuit's decisions in United States v. Greer, 881 F.3d 1241 (10th Cir. 2018), and United States v. Mulay, ___ F. App'x ___, 2018 WL 985741 (10th Cir. Feb. 20, 2018). It did so because these cases presented the question whether the Supreme Court's decision in Johnson extends to individuals—like Mr. Paris—who were sentenced under identical language in the Guidelines and during a time when the Guidelines were mandatory.
The Tenth Circuit recently decided both cases, holding that Johnson does not apply to mandatory Guidelines cases on collateral review. See Greer, 881 F.3d at 1248 (affirming denial of petitioner's § 2255 motion because "the only right recognized by the Supreme Court in Johnson was a defendant's right not to have his sentence increased under the residual clause of the ACCA" but "[t]he Court did not consider in Johnson, and has still not decided, whether the mandatory Guidelines can be challenged for vagueness in the first instance, let alone whether such a challenge would prevail," and so, "it is not for this court acting on collateral review to do so"); see also Mulay, 2018 WL 985741, at *4 (denying petitioner's § 2255 motion because "Johnson did not recognize the right Mr. Mulay asserts," i.e., "that the residual clause in § 4B1.2(a)(2) of the mandatory Guidelines was void for vagueness, and that the right not to be sentenced under the mandatory residual clause is retroactively applicable to his 2002 sentence on collateral review").
Mr. Paris's most recent status report (Doc. 115) concedes that the Tenth Circuit's decisions in Greer and Mulay require the court to deny his § 2255 motion. Mr. Paris notes that he disagrees with the Tenth Circuit's decisions but agrees that they bind the court. However, Mr. Paris asks the court to grant him a certificate of appealability.
Because Mr. Paris's § 2255 motion asserts that he is entitled to relief using the same argument that the Tenth Circuit rejected in Greer and Mulay, the court denies his Motion to Vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. But the court grants Mr. Paris a certificate of appealability because reasonable jurists could debate whether the court's ruling is correct.
Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings requires the court to "issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order adverse" to the petitioner. A court may grant a certificate of appealability ("COA") only "if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). "When the district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds without reaching the [petitioner's] underlying constitutional claim, a COA should issue when the [petitioner] shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling." Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Here, the court concludes that reasonable jurists could debate whether the court is correct in its ruling. Indeed, the Circuits have split on the question whether Johnson applies to individuals sentenced under the mandatory Guidelines. Compare Moore v. United States, 871 F.3d 72, 82-83 (1st Cir. 2017) (granting petitioner's request to file successive § 2255 motion asserting that Johnson applies to mandatory Guideline sentences) with United States v. Brown, 868 F.3d 297, 303 (4th Cir. 2017) (holding that petitioner's challenge to the mandatory Guidelines was untimely and did not assert a right recognized by Johnson); Raybon v. United States, 867 F.3d 625, 630-31 (6th Cir. 2017) (affirming denial of § 2255 motion because the constitutionality of the mandatory Guidelines is "an open question, it is not a 'right' that 'has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court' let alone one that was 'made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review'" (quoting 2255(f)(3)); In re Griffin, 823 F.3d 1350, 1354 (11th Cir. 2016) (concluding that petitioner could not assert a successive § 2255 petition because the right he was asserting was not recognized in Johnson). And, although with Greer and Mulay "this issue has been settled in this circuit and not overturned by the Supreme Court, the existence of a split among the circuits persuades [the court] that 'reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner.'" United States v. Gomez-Sotelo, 18 F. App'x 690, 692 (10th Cir. 2001) (quoting Slack, 529 U.S. at 484). The court thus grants Mr. Paris a COA.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED BY THE COURT THAT defendant Martin Lee Paris's Motion to Vacate Under § 2255 (Doc. 86) is DISMISSED. The court grants Mr. Paris a COA.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated this 4th day of May, 2018, at Topeka, Kansas.
s/ Daniel D. Crabtree
Daniel D. Crabtree
United States District Judge