Opinion
No. 81-1529.
Submitted November 12, 1981.
Decided November 16, 1981.
Rod W. Snow, Dixon Snow, Denver, Colo., for appellant.
Judith A. Whetstine, Asst. U.S. Atty., N. D. Iowa, Dennis Ogden, Student Asst. to U.S. Atty., Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for appellee.
Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
Defendant Patricia Mueller appeals the trial court's holding that she aided and abetted the commission of acts of prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952 and 2. She alleges that (1) there was insufficient evidence to convict her, and (2) the conviction was inconsistent with the court's finding that "there is no evidence of affirmative cooperation or agreement to cooperate by defendant Mueller" (Designated Record (D.R.) 11). For the reasons stated below we reject these arguments and affirm.
The Hon. Donald E. O'Brien, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Iowa. The parties waived trial by jury, and this case was tried to the court.
18 U.S.C. § 1952 states:
(a) Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce or uses any facility in interstate or foreign commerce, including the mail, with intent to —
(1) distribute the proceeds of any unlawful activity; or
(2) commit any crime of violence to further any unlawful activity; or
(3) otherwise promote, manage, establish, carry on, or facilitate the promotion, management, establishment, or carrying on, of any unlawful activity,
and thereafter performs or attempts to perform any of the acts specified in subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3), shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.
(b) . . . "unlawful activity" means (1) any business enterprise involving . . . prostitution offenses in violation of the laws of the State in which they are committed or of the United States.18 U.S.C. § 2(a) states:
Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.
I.
In January 1978, defendant Mueller began working as a bookkeeper for an "escort service" which, in fact, promoted acts of prostitution in Denver, Colorado. It operated under the name C M Enterprises, and was managed and owned by James Criswell, defendant's brother, and Paula Thortvedt. Ms. Mueller knew that the women working for this service committed acts of prostitution (Tr. 143).
Criswell and Ms. Thortvedt opened a similar "escort service" in Sioux City, Iowa, in March of 1980 (Tr. 126). Defendant gave Ms. Thortvedt money to finance it. Lisa Huskinson, a C M "escort," testified:
The evidence did not establish that the money belonged to defendant.
A. [Defendant] and [Ms. Thortvedt] were talking about money that [Ms. Thortvedt] needed; and [defendant] gave her the money to open up the agency in Sioux City, Iowa.
Q. Do you recall any other conversation about opening the agency in Sioux City?
A. Just basically what the money was supposed to be for, that so much money was supposed to be for an apartment, so much money for ads, phone bills and getting set up, so that was enough money.
(Tr. 105).
The "escort service" operated in Sioux City for two months. During this period Ms. Thortvedt and Criswell decided to release one of the "escorts," Fawnda Severn; pursuant to Criswell's directions, defendant fired her.
The Sioux City "escort service" was discovered and closed by law-enforcement authorities in May of 1980.
II.
An appellate court must reject an assertion that there was insufficient evidence to convict, if when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the government, it finds that the trier of fact could reasonably have inferred guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942).
There was sufficient evidence to support this conviction. Defendant gave Ms. Thortvedt money to travel to Sioux City and establish an "escort service." She further aided the operation when, at Criswell's direction, she fired Fawnda Severn for stealing money from the C M office in Sioux City. The record indicates that defendant was fully aware that C M was a "front" for acts of prostitution (Tr. 143).
III.
The trial court's findings were not inconsistent. It found that Ms. Mueller did not cooperate in conspiring to commit the crime. In the course of explaining its decision to acquit defendant of conspiracy, the District Court said:
The Court concludes that the Government has failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant Mueller was involved in a conspiracy. Although defendant Mueller may have had knowledge of the illegal activities in Sioux City, Iowa, there is no evidence of affirmative cooperation or agreement to cooperate by defendant Mueller. In short, the Court concludes there was no proof of preconcert or connivance by defendant Mueller. Lack of such proof is fatal to the Government's conspiracy count.
(D.R. 11) (emphasis added). The court found, on the other hand, that the defendant did contribute to the commission of the crime. "The Court concludes that the Government has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant Mueller did aid and abet in the illegal activity conducted in Sioux City, Iowa in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952 and § 2" (emphasis added). ( Ibid.) Aiding and abetting is a crime separate and distinct from conspiracy. A defendant may be guilty of one and not the other. The District Court's statement that "there is no evidence of affirmative cooperation or agreement to cooperate by Defendant Mueller," if read in isolation, seems inconsistent with a finding that defendant had aided and abetted the commission of a crime. When the District Court's findings are read in their entirety, however, it is clear that it found simply that defendant's cooperation with the illegal enterprise was not explicit enough to justify an inference that defendant had agreed with Criswell or others to commit the offense. She did not connive to commit the crime, but she did help others commit it. The distinction is sometimes blurred in practice, but it is well recognized in law.
We have also reviewed defendant's allegation that the District Court erred in admitting hearsay. The contention is without merit. The statements complained of were made in defendant's presence.
Affirmed.