Opinion
CV 16-566 WJ/WPL CR 97-731 WJ
08-03-2016
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. RODNEY MILLER, Defendant.
PROPOSED FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDED DISPOSITION
Rodney Miller obtained leave to file this second or successive motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (CV Doc. 1; CR Doc. 112). (CR Doc. 111.) Miller argues that his due process rights were violated because the Court used the "residual clause" of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 to enhance Miller's guidelines range. The United States contends that Miller is not entitled to relief or, in the alternative, that the Court should stay these proceedings pending the Supreme Court's decision in Beckles v. United States (S. Ct. No. 15-8544). Being fully advised in these matters, I recommend that the Court deny Miller's motion.
All citations to "CV Doc." refer to documents filed in the civil case, CV 16-566 WJ/WPL. All citations to "CR Doc." refer to documents filed in the criminal case, CR 97-731 WJ. Documents filed in both cases are cited by reference to the corresponding document in the civil case.
BACKGROUND
In April 1998, Miller pled guilty to a one-count indictment, charging him with possession with intent to distribute fifty grams and more of a mixture and substance containing cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A) (effective Oct. 13, 1996 through Oct. 20, 1998, Pub. L. 104-305, § 2(a), (b)(1), Oct. 13, 1996). (CR Doc. 35.) The United States previously filed an "Amended Enhancement Information," pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851, alleging prior felony drug convictions. (CR Doc. 34.) Based on this Information, Miller was exposed to a then-mandatory statutory minimum term of incarceration of 20 years, and a maximum term not to exceed life imprisonment. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1), 851. A Presentence Report ("PSR") was prepared, which calculated Miller's total offense level as 29, with a criminal history category VI, and a resulting guidelines range of 151 to 188 months. PSR ¶¶ 23, 40, 66. Miller was classified as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 because he was at least eighteen years old at the time of the instant offense, the offense was a crime of violence or a drug trafficking crime, and Miller had at least two prior convictions for crimes of violence or drug trafficking crimes. Id. at ¶ 41. Based on his classification as a career offender, Miller's ultimate offense level was calculated as 34, with a criminal history category VI, and a resulting guidelines range of 262 to 327 months. Id. at ¶ 44.
Unless otherwise stated, all references to sections under Title 21 refer to or quote the statute as it was effective in 1998, when Miller pled guilty and was subsequently sentenced. (See Doc. 41 (entering judgment on July 31, 1998).) --------
DISCUSSION
In Johnson v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) is unconstitutionally vague. 576 U.S. ---, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015). The Supreme Court announced that Johnson would apply retroactively on collateral review in Welch v. United States, reasoning that Johnson announced a substantive new rule. --- U.S. ---, ---, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1264-65 (2016).
The residual clause in the ACCA is "virtually identical to the residual clause" in the Guidelines that was used to enhance Miller's guidelines range. United States v. Madrid, 805 F.3d 1204, 1210 (10th Cir. 2015). In Madrid, a case on direct appeal, the Tenth Circuit concluded that use of the residual clause in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 to calculate and enhance sentencing guideline ranges is unconstitutional because the clause is void for vagueness. Id. at 1211. At least one other Court of Appeals came to the opposite conclusion with respect to the residual clause in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. The Eleventh Circuit, in United States v. Matchett, held that the definition of "crime of violence" in the Guidelines was not unconstitutionally vague in light of Johnson. 802 F.3d 1185, 1189, 1193 (11th Cir. 2015). The Supreme Court has not yet decided whether the residual clause in the Guidelines is also unconstitutionally vague and, if so, whether that change announces a new rule of substantive law that would apply retroactively. These issues are pending before the Supreme Court in Beckles v. United States (S. Ct. No. 15-8544).
Notwithstanding, the United States argues that Miller is not entitled to be resentenced because a decision invalidating the residual clause of the Guidelines would be procedural and not retroactive pursuant to Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989) (plurality). Miller contends that Johnson applies substantively to the Guidelines and is retroactive in Guidelines cases.
Teague provides the "normal framework for determining whether a new rule applies to cases on collateral review." Welch, 136 S. Ct. at 1264. "[A]s a general matter, 'new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will not be applicable to those cases which have become final before the new rules are announced.'" Id. (quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at 310). There are two exceptions to this general rule: first, "new substantive rules generally apply retroactively," id. (quoting Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351 (2004)) (alteration omitted) (emphasis in original); and second "new 'watershed rules of criminal procedure,' which are procedural rules 'implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding,'" id. (quoting Saffle v. Parks, 494 U.S. 484, 495 (1990)).
The question, then, is two-fold: first, whether Johnson applies to the Guidelines to invalidate the residual clause of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, and second, whether Johnson's applicability to the Guidelines falls into either of the categories that have retroactive effect under Teague. The Tenth Circuit answered the first question in the affirmative in Madrid. The parties agree that applying Johnson to the Guidelines announces a new rule.
So, is Johnson a new substantive rule as applied to the Guidelines? "A rule is substantive rather than procedural if it alters the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law punishes." Schriro, 542 U.S. at 353. "This includes decisions that narrow the scope of a criminal statute by interpreting its terms, as well as constitutional determinations that place particular conduct or persons covered by the statute beyond the State's power to punish." Id. at 351-52. By contrast, procedural rules "regulate only the manner of determining the defendant's culpability." Id. at 353 (emphasis in original). Procedural rules alter "the range of permissible methods for determining whether a defendant's conduct is punishable." Id. Procedural rules also do not create a class of persons convicted of conduct that is not lawfully criminalized, "but merely raise the possibility that someone convicted with use of the invalidated procedure might have been acquitted otherwise." Id. at 352.
Applying Johnson to the Guidelines does not "alter[] the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law punishes." Id. at 353. The Guidelines, unlike the ACCA, are advisory: they do not and cannot alter the range of sentences allowed under the law. The ACCA, by contrast, statutorily altered the authorized sentences: a felon found in possession of a firearm is subject to a maximum term of incarceration of ten years, unless that person qualifies under the ACCA, in which case they are subject to a mandatory minimum term of incarceration fifteen years. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2), (e). Therefore, Madrid and other cases applying Johnson to the Guidelines are not substantive decisions.
Instead, applying Johnson to the Guidelines is a procedural decision: it alters "the range of permissible methods a court might use to determine whether a defendant should be sentenced under [U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2]." Welch, 136 S. Ct. at 1265 (citing Schriro, 542 U.S. at 353). Thus, applying Johnson to the Guidelines is a procedural decision and would not have retroactive effect on collateral review under the first Teague prong.
Application to the Guidelines can only be retroactive if it would constitute "a watershed rule[] of criminal procedure implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding." Saffle, 494 U.S. at 495 (quotation omitted). The Supreme Court often cites Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), "holding that a defendant has the right to be represented by counsel in all criminal trials for serious offenses," to illustrate the watershed exception. Id. The Supreme Court has held that "district courts must begin their analysis with the Guidelines and remain cognizant of them throughout the sentencing process," and that failing to correctly calculate the Guidelines range constitutes procedural error. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 50 n.6 (2007).
While procedural error may be sufficient to show plain error and be reversible on direct review, as in Madrid, that is not the case on collateral review. The Tenth Circuit's decision invalidating the residual clause of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 does not suggest that a prior, final conviction in which the career offender guideline was used would run afoul of the ex post facto clause, as was the case for increased guidelines ranges between the commission of the crime and the time of sentencing in Peugh v. United States, --- U.S. ---, --- 133 S. Ct. 2072, 2082-86 (2013). Further, while a defendant is entitled to a correct Guidelines calculation as the starting point for a court to craft the appropriate sentence, a subsequent change in Guidelines ranges does not invalidate the prior sentence.
Courts have disagreed on whether Johnson applies retroactively to guidelines cases on collateral review. In United States v. Ramirez, the court found that the impact of a career offender designation carried an impermissibly large risk "that the punishment exceeds what the defendant would have received without the designation" and that this risk trumps the finality concerns in Teague. --- F. Supp. 3d ---, ---, CRIMINAL ACTION NO. 10-10008-WGY, 2016 WL 3014646, at *9 (D. Mass. May 24, 2016). Thus, the court in Ramirez found that Johnson was retroactively applicable to the Guidelines on collateral review. Id. Similarly in United States v. Boone, the court found that Johnson as applied to the Guidelines is retroactively applicable on collateral review and "is 'substantive' under the facts and circumstances of this case," in which Boone was classified as a career offender and his underlying convictions no longer qualified after the invalidation of the residual clause in the Guidelines, and that classification rendered Boone's Guidelines range approximately five-times what it would have been without the classification. 2:12-cr-162-12, 2016 WL 3057655, at *6-7 (W.D. Pa. May 31, 2016) (slip copy).
Conversely, the Eleventh Circuit denied an application to file a second or successive habeas petition in In re Rivero because Johnson does not apply retroactively to the Guidelines. Indeed, no circuit "has affirmed an order granting relief for a petitioner" on the basis of Johnson's retroactive applicability to the Guidelines. United States v. Homrich, No. 1:93-cr-16, 2016 WL 4035323, at *2 (W.D. Mich. July 28, 2016) (slip copy). In Saunders v. United States, the court re-emphasized that Johnson does not apply to the Guidelines in the Eleventh Circuit. CR609-042, 2016 WL 4007677, at *1 (S.D. Ga. July 26, 2016) (slip copy).
While the matter is clearly unsettled, it seems likely that the Supreme Court will hold the residual clause in the Guidelines to be unconstitutionally vague, find that ruling to announce a new procedural rule, and deny retroactive applicability on collateral review. Rather than leave Miller in limbo pending a decision in Beckles, I recommend that the Court conclude that the residual clause in the Guidelines is unconstitutionally vague, but that the new rule is procedural and not entitled to retroactive effect under Teague.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons described herein, I recommend that the Court deny Miller's motion. Because I make this recommendation without reaching the merits of whether Miller's convictions could continue to sustain application of the career offender guideline even if Johnson applies retroactively to the Guidelines, I further recommend that the Court grant a certificate of appealability pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c) and affirmatively encourage Miller to appeal this decision or file a motion for reconsideration if the Supreme Court, in Beckles, holds that Johnson is retroactively applicable in Guidelines cases.
THE PARTIES ARE NOTIFIED THAT WITHIN 14 DAYS OF SERVICE of a copy of these Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition they may file written objections with the Clerk of the District Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). A party must file any objections with the Clerk of the District Court within the fourteen-day period if that party wants to have appellate review of the Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition. If no objections are filed, no appellate review will be allowed.
/s/_________
WILLIAM P. LYNCH
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE A true copy of this order was served on the date of entry--via mail or electronic means--to counsel of record and any pro se party as they are shown on the Court's docket.