Opinion
No. 19-3161
06-29-2020
United States of America Plaintiff - Appellee v. Charles J. Jones Defendant - Appellant
Appeal from United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis [Unpublished] Before LOKEN, ARNOLD, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM.
After Charles J. Jones pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), the presentence report used to facilitate his sentencing asserted that Jones was an armed career criminal. Under the Armed Career Criminal Act, a person qualifies as an armed career criminal if he has three previous convictions for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both. See id. at § 924(e)(1). The report explained that Jones had three predicate convictions, namely, Missouri convictions for first-degree robbery (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.020.1 (1979)), second-degree robbery (id. at § 569.030.1 (1979)), and illegal sale of a controlled substance (id. at § 195.211.1 (1989)). Jones objected to his classification as an armed career criminal, though he acknowledged that our court's precedents ran contrary to his position. The district court denied Jones's objection and sentenced him to fifteen years' imprisonment, the statutory minimum. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.
On appeal, Jones continues to maintain that he is not an armed career criminal. If he is correct, then the maximum sentence he could receive is ten years' imprisonment. See id. at § 924(a)(2). He does not dispute that his conviction for first-degree robbery is a predicate offense, but he contends that his convictions for second-degree robbery and for illegal sale of a controlled substance are not.
Our court held quite recently that a conviction for Missouri second-degree robbery under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.030.1 (1979) qualified as a violent felony under the ACCA. See United States v. Swopes, 886 F.3d 668, 672 (8th Cir. 2018) (en banc). Jones attempts to avoid Swopes by arguing that Stokeling v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 544 (2019), an intervening Supreme Court opinion, undermines it. But our court has already rejected this argument, explaining that "Stokeling did not cast doubt on our decision in Swopes. To the contrary, it reaffirmed our reasoning that Missouri second-degree robbery" qualifies as an ACCA predicate offense. See United States v. Clark, 934 F.3d 843, 845 (8th Cir. 2019) (per curiam). Clark binds us.
Jones next takes aim at his conviction for illegal sale of a controlled substance, arguing that it is not a "serious drug offense" under the ACCA for two reasons. First, he says, the applicable statute, Mo. Rev. Stat. § 195.211.1 (1989), includes drugs that the federal schedule does not, making it overbroad. And second, he asserts, the applicable statute punishes the mere offer to sell drugs while the federal statute does not. But we have already rejected identical contentions. See United States v. Jones, 934 F.3d 842, 842-43 (8th Cir. 2019) (per curiam). In Jones we held that, since the drug that supported the defendant's conviction under § 195.211.1 (1989)—cocaine base— is listed on the federal schedule, the fact that § 195.211.1 (1989) criminalized transactions of other substances was immaterial, and so there was no overbreadth difficulty. Id. So too here, as Jones was convicted of selling cocaine, a listed drug. Jones's other contention fares no better. We explained in Jones that mere offers to sell drugs fall within the ACCA's definition of "serious drug offense" because it includes state offenses "involving" the distribution of controlled substances. Id. at 843.
In short, our opinions in Clark and Jones foreclose Jones's arguments.
Affirmed.