Opinion
23-1606
06-27-2024
United States of America Plaintiff - Appellee v. Scott William Cupples Defendant-Appellant
Submitted: February 12, 2024.
Appeal from United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa - Central
Before LOKEN, COLLOTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
Judge Colloton became chief judge of the Circuit on March 11,2024. See 28 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1).
PER CURIAM.
Scott William Cupples pleaded guilty to one count of possessing methamphetamine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B). The government agreed not to file an information under 21 U.S.C. § 851, stating that it would rely on Cupples's prior convictions at sentencing. The Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR") found that Cupples is a career offender under USSG § 4B1.1(a) in part because his prior Iowa conviction for conspiracy to manufacture less than five grams of methamphetamine is a "controlled substance offense" as defined in § 4B1.2(b) and its Application Note 1 then in effect, which provided that "'controlled substance offense' include[s] the offenses of aiding and abetting, conspiring, and attempting to commit such offenses."
Cupples timely objected to that portion of the PSR, arguing that his Iowa methamphetamine conspiracy conviction was not a controlled substance offense because the Sentencing Commission improperly added inchoate offenses to the definition of controlled substance offense. In United States v. Mendoza-Figueroa, 65 F.3d 691, 693-94 (8th Cir. 1995) (en banc), applying the Supreme Court's guidance in Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36 (1993), we held this § 4B1.2(b) commentary should be applied to a predicate drug conspiracy conviction because it was within the Commission's authority and was not an erroneous reading of the Guideline. In United States v. Merritt, 934 F.3d 809 (8th Cir. 2019), and other later cases, we held that Mendoza-Figueroa is controlling on this issue. The district court noted that other circuits have recently held that the inclusion of inchoate offenses in Application Note 1 improperly expanded the controlled substance offenses included in the plain language of the § 4B1.2(b) Guideline, interpreting the Supreme Court's decision in Kisor v. Wilkie, 588 U.S. 558 (2019), as weakening the deference to Guidelines commentary required by Stinson.
We recently considered these conflicting circuit authorities but concluded our panels are still bound by Mendoz-Figueroa "until it is overruled by the Court sitting en banc." United States v. Rivera, 76 F.4th 1085, 1091 (8th Cir. 2023). The district court agreed, concluded Merritt and Mendoza-Figueroa are binding Eighth Circuit precedents, overruled Cupples's objection, and sentenced him as a career offender.
Effective November 1, 2023, responding to this circuit conflict, the Sentencing Commission amended § 4B1.2 by striking that portion of Application Note 1 and adding § 4B1.2(d) to the Guideline itself, which incorporates verbatim the deleted language in Application Note 1 that had included inchoate offenses. USSG Amendment 822, 2023 Guidelines Manual, Supp. to Appendix C at 245-47.
Cupples appeals that ruling. We denied his request for initial en banc hearing. He acknowledges that Merritt and Mendoza-Figueroa are binding precedent that can only be overruled by the court en banc, and urges that we do so. Merritt and Mendoza-Figueroa are binding panel precedent that foreclose Cupples's argument, and we therefore affirm the judgment.