Opinion
No. 13-3023
05-30-2013
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GREGORY D. CROSBY, Defendant-Appellant.
(D.C. Nos. 5:11-CV-04072-RDR and
5:09-CR-40049-RDR-1)
(D. of Kan.)
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, ANDERSON, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
Gregory Crosby, a federal prisoner, requests a certificate of appealability (COA) under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) to appeal the district court's denial of his motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. He also appeals the district court's denial of his 18 U.S.C. § 3600 motion for post-conviction DNA testing. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a), we deny the COA as to Crosby's § 2255 motion and dismiss that part of the appeal, and we affirm the district court as to Crosby's § 3600 motion.
We construe Crosby's filings liberally because he is proceeding pro se. See, e.g., Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 & n.3 (10th Cir. 1991).
Crosby says we must treat his § 3600 DNA motion as exempt from the requirements of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). It is true that a motion under § 3600 is not governed by § 2255's limitation on "second or successive motion[s]," 18 U.S.C. § 3600(h)(3), but the statute is silent as to the applicability of AEDPA's COA requirement. The Fourth Circuit has declined to address whether or not a COA is necessary. See United States v. McDonald, 641 F.3d 596, 616 n.13 (4th Cir. 2011). The Fifth Circuit, by contrast, has reviewed a district court's refusal to order DNA testing without addressing whether the court had jurisdiction to do so absent a COA. See United States v. Fasano, 577 F.3d 572 (5th Cir. 2009). We have done the same. See United States v. Jordan, 594 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 2010). Following our practice in Jordan, we treat Crosby's § 3600 DNA motion as its own motion—not under § 2255—and therefore not subject to the COA requirement. Compare 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1) (requiring a COA only in state habeas and § 2255 cases), with 18 U.S.C. § 3600(h)(2), (3) (noting that § 3600 is neither a basis for relief in any federal habeas proceeding nor a motion under § 2255).
A jury convicted Crosby of attempted bank robbery and conveying false information. We affirmed the convictions. United States v. Crosby, 416 F. App'x 776 (10th Cir. 2011). Crosby then filed a motion for collateral review under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The district court denied relief, and we affirmed. United States v. Crosby, 468 F. App'x 913 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 314 (2012). Crosby next sought relief under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), and 18 U.S.C. § 3600. The district court denied the Rule 33 motion as untimely, the Rule 60(b) motion as a second or successive motion under § 2255, and the § 3600 DNA motion for not raising a reasonable probability of Crosby's innocence. The court also denied a COA. United States v. Crosby, No. 09-40049-RDR, 2013 WL 211043 (D. Kan. Jan. 18, 2013). Crosby now asks that we grant a COA for his § 2255 motion and reverse the district court's denial of his § 3600 motion.
We grant a COA only if an applicant makes a "substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). In Crosby's request, he raises the same arguments he raised before the district court. His arguments attack the underlying conviction—not a procedural ruling which precluded a merits determination of his habeas application, nor a defect in the integrity of the habeas proceeding. Accordingly, they are properly construed as § 2255 arguments. See Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 531-32 (2005). And because Crosby cites neither "newly discovered evidence" nor a "new rule of constitutional law" justifying his action, his motion was properly dismissed. See Prost v. Anderson, 636 F.3d 578, 581 (10th Cir. 2011) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)). Crosby claims to have newly discovered evidence, but the four pieces of evidence he cites were included in the seven he presented to the district court, and the district court correctly determined that this evidence is not "newly discovered." See Crosby, 2013 WL 211043, at *4.
Crosby also claims he is entitled to post-conviction DNA testing under the Innocence Protection Act of 2004, 18 U.S.C. § 3600. He cites the Fifth Circuit's decision in Fasano for support. In Fasano, the defendant raised a reasonable probability that he did not commit the bank robbery in question. A house guest with a criminal record had been staying with the defendant at the time of the robbery, so if DNA evidence showed that the clothing seized near the scene of the robbery had been worn by the house guest instead of by the defendant, the defendant had a reasonable probability of being exonerated. Fasano, 577 F.3d at 578. That probability satisfied one of the ten requirements for post-conviction DNA testing, namely § 3600(a)(8). Id.
Crosby does not say which evidence should be subject to DNA testing.
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Here, by contrast, Crosby does not raise a reasonable probability of his innocence. He offers no theory as to whose DNA would appear besides his own. And, as we noted in our order denying his first COA request, Crosby did argue at his trial that the prosecution lacked DNA evidence tying him to the crime, but the jury convicted anyway in light of the "overwhelming" evidence of his guilt. Crosby, 468 F. App'x at 914. Similarly, the district court observed that DNA testing "would not have made any difference . . . where the government presented three eyewitness bank employees who positively identified the defendant at the bank less than two hours after the robbery occurred . . . ." Crosby, 2013 WL 211043, at *1 n.1 (alteration incorporated; internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, Crosby has not satisfied the "reasonable probability" requirement in § 3600(a)(8), nor has he satisfied all of the other nine requirements for ordering a post-conviction DNA test. See 18 U.S.C. § 3600.
Accordingly, we DENY Crosby's COA request and dismiss that part of the appeal. We also AFFIRM the district court's denial of post-conviction DNA testing.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge