Summary
In Tomei v Bloom Associates, Inc, 75 Mich. App. 661; 255 N.W.2d 727 (1977), the jury awarded $250,000 to the plaintiff who, as a result of dental malpractice, was injured to the extent that an area of her lower lip, about the size of a quarter, was permanently numb.
Summary of this case from Burnett v. Mackworth G Rees, Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 27901.
Decided May 17, 1977.
Appeal from Wayne, Michael L. Stacey, J. Submitted March 2, 1977, at Detroit. (Docket No. 27901.) Decided May 17, 1977.
Complaint by Claire Tomei and Frank Tomei against Bloom Associates, Incorporated, Herbert J. Bloom and Myron Kaufman for damages for malpractice. Judgment for plaintiffs. Defendants appeal. Remanded with instructions.
Goldsmith, Yaker Goldsmith, for plaintiffs.
Harvey, Kruse Westen, P.C. (by Mark D. Shoup), for defendants.
Plaintiffs, Claire Tomei and Frank Tomei, her husband, brought an action in the Wayne County Circuit Court against Doctors Kaufman and Bloom and Bloom Associates, alleging medical malpractice. On November 20, 1975, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Claire Tomei in the amount of $260,000 and in favor of Frank Tomei in the amount of $15,000. Defendants brought timely motions for directed verdict, remittitur, judgment notwithstanding the verdict and new trial. All these motions were denied and defendants now appeal as of right.
There is little dispute as to the basic factual setting involved in the instant case. Plaintiff Claire Tomei was referred to defendant Dr. Kaufman by her family dentist on August 5, 1968. The defendant, an oral surgeon, performed surgery on the plaintiff in order to remove an impacted lower molar. The defendant used a bone bur, a type of dental drill, to perform this operation on plaintiff. During the procedure, part of the bur broke off and remained embedded in plaintiff's jaw. Defendant did not realize that this had occurred.
Plaintiff had no immediate problems following the surgery. Approximately two years later, however, plaintiff woke up one morning with a toothache. The next day plaintiff began to experience numbness in her lower left jaw. Mrs. Tomei then sought treatment from her family dentist who removed the lower left second molar.
Unfortunately, the numbness continued and plaintiff returned to defendant's office. Defendant Dr. Bloom, an associate of Dr. Kaufman, then took a panarex X-ray of plaintiff's mouth and detected a foreign object in her lower left jaw. Dr. Bloom then made arrangements with plaintiff to have the object removed at Sinai Hospital.
Plaintiff, confused and upset, sought the advice of her family physician, who advised her to get an additional opinion. Plaintiff then chose to have the surgery performed by Dr. Reaume, another oral surgeon, and plaintiff's expert witness at trial. Dr. Reaume was able to remove the object; however, plaintiff continues to experience numbness in her lower left lip and chin. Dr. Reaume testified that there is a 90 per cent chance that this condition is permanent. The foreign object removed did, in fact, turn out to be a piece of broken bone bur.
Defendants initially contend that a directed verdict should have been given because there was no evidence at trial that there was a violation of the standard of care expected of an oral surgeon. Our review of this contention is limited. Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich. 401; 231 N.W.2d 46 (1975). There was testimony adduced at trial that, particularly when viewed favorably to the plaintiff, could establish a breach of the duty of care. Dodd v Secretary of State, 390 Mich. 606; 213 N.W.2d 109 (1973). The defendant admitted in a deposition that was read to the jury that the bur broke off in the plaintiff's jaw and that he failed to discover this fact. Expert testimony introduced at trial indicated that it would be prudent practice procedure to inspect the bone bur after an operation of this sort. Defendant himself testified that it is a basic concept of normal practice to check dental equipment after working in a patient's mouth to see if that equipment is still intact. There was sufficient evidence to indicate that defendant breached the standard of care expected of an oral surgeon. Daniel v McNamara, 10 Mich. App. 299; 159 N.W.2d 339 (1968), Winchester v Chabut, 321 Mich. 114; 32 N.W.2d 358 (1948). See, Anno., Malpractice: Liability of Physician, Surgeon, Anesthetist, or Dentist for Injury Resulting from Foreign Object Left in Patient, 10 ALR3d 9 (1966).
The most difficult and troubling problem involved in this case is the question of proximate cause. Defendants maintain that the jury was allowed to speculate and, assuming arguendo that defendant was negligent and that plaintiff suffered an injury, the proof was insufficient as to this element of malpractice. The problem is complicated by the fact that plaintiff's unfortunate condition did not result until a substantial length of time following the surgery. Again when considering the question of proximate cause and defendants' motion for directed verdict on this issue, we must consider the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff. Caldwell v Fox, supra, Daniel v McNamara, supra. Plaintiff's expert gave the following testimony:
" Q. [by plaintiff's attorney] Doctor, do you have an opinion as to what caused Mrs. Tomei's numbness?
" A. [Dr. Reaume] Well, at the time I saw her — again, following the nerve back — she had symptoms of mandibular nerve. The most logical assumption at that time and date was the fact the metallic object was approximately in the nerve situation before it was removed.
" Q. And do you have any cause to change that opinion today?
" A. No, there are no other causes. But I haven't —
" Q. But none to change your opinion —
" A. No.
" Q. — as to the most logical, likely cause?
" A. Right.
" Q. And after the questions that have been asked by you — by the attorney for the defendants, have you changed your mind about the testimony that you gave on direct?
" A. No, I haven't changed my mind, not to my knowledge.
" Q. The questions didn't cause you to want to change your answers in any way?
" A. No.
" Q. As to your opinion or causes —
" A. No.
" Q. — and effects?
" A. No."
Defendants' experts testified that plaintiff's condition was more likely attributable to other causes. The Supreme Court has fully considered proper review of a motion for directed verdict.
"It seems that we must constantly remind those interested in negligence law that a motion by the defendant for a directed verdict presents no question of credibility, also that the trial judge may not select among actual or seeming contradictory statements of a witness given on direct examination and cross-examination what he believes should be applied to the motion. Instead, the movant automatically stipulates that, for the purposes of his motion only, the trial judge may and should apply the submitted evidence in that light which our reports have portrayed steadily since these passages appeared a full century ago in the Van Steinburg Case (Detroit Milwaukee R Co v Van Steinburg, 17 Mich. 99, 117, 118):
"`In determining this question, we must look at the case as it appears from the plaintiff's own testimony, unqualified by any which was offered on the part of the defendants, and must concede to him any thing which he could fairly claim upon that evidence. He had a right to ask the jury to believe the case as he presented it; and, however improbable some portions of his testimony may appear to us, we can not say that the jury might not have given it full credence. It is for them, and not for the court to compare and weigh the evidence. For the purposes of any positive instructions which one party may demand upon the evidence, he must concede all that his opponent may claim from it.'" Schedlbauer v Chris-Craft Corp. 381 Mich. 217, 229-230; 160 N.W.2d 889 (1968).
See also Viland v Winslow, 34 Mich. App. 486; 191 N.W.2d 735 (1971) (malpractice action involving dentist), Pippen v Denison Division of Abex Corp, 66 Mich. App. 664; 239 N.W.2d 704 (1976). The trial court properly denied the motion for a directed verdict.
Defendants also maintain that a new trial is required because it was discovered that a juror's wife attended the trial and had lunch with her husband. Defendants admit that there was no evidence that the wife communicated with her juror husband concerning the instant case. However, defendants contend that a new trial is necessitated because it can be inferred that they did, in fact, discuss the case.
The trial court had instructed the jury on several occasions not to discuss the case. All jurors indicated that they would not. In addition, upon learning of this situation the trial court held a voir dire in order to allow defendants' attorney an opportunity to examine the juror and his wife. The trial court was completely satisfied that there was no reasonable evidence of any wrongdoing. There is no affirmative showing of prejudice nor do these facts clearly establish an inference that juror prejudice occurred. People v Stanley, 71 Mich. App. 56; 246 N.W.2d 418 (1976). The trial court properly ruled that a new trial was not necessary.
Defendants also allege that the trial court erred in refusing to give defendants' requested instructions. We find this contention meritless. The trial court acted properly within its discretion in giving proper instructions in its own manner. Cody v Marcel Electric Co, 71 Mich. App. 714; 248 N.W.2d 663 (1976). It is often preferable for the trial court to give the substance of the requested charges in a clear and well-connected manner rather than to read each specific request. Stouffer v Fletcher, 146 Mich. 341; 109 N.W. 684 (1906).
The jury herein returned an award of $260,000 for Mrs. Tomei and $15,000 for Mr. Tomei. Defendants contend that this amount is clearly excessive and that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to order remittitur. The court did indicate that the jury award was substantially more than the court itself would have granted. We must note that plaintiffs in their complaint only sought damages of $100,000 and $10,000 respectively. A jury may award greater damages than those sought; nevertheless, that is one factor to consider in determining whether an award is excessive. Gibeault v City of Highland Park, 49 Mich. App. 736; 212 N.W.2d 818 (1973), aff'd 391 Mich. 814 (1974), Piatkowski v Mok, 29 Mich. App. 426; 185 N.W.2d 413 (1971), GCR 1963, 518.3. Proper amendment to the pleadings is required.
Remittitur is a procedural process by which a verdict of the jury is reduced. Our Court described remittitur as follows:
"The use of remittitur by the trial judge is well-established under Michigan law. Broadly defined, remittitur is the procedural process by which a verdict of the jury is diminished by subtraction. In the typical case, the plaintiff, on a motion by the defendant for a new trial because of an excessive verdict, is given an election to remit a portion of the amount or submit to a new trial. Where there are no other errors in the trial, remittitur can be ordered only if the verdict is so excessive as to `shock the judicial conscience', Stevens v Edward C Levy Co, 376 Mich. 1, 4; 135 N.W.2d 414 (1965), McKay v Hargis, 351 Mich. 409, 419; 88 N.W.2d 456 (1958), Asmus v Barrett, 30 Mich. App. 570, 578; 186 N.W.2d 819 (1971), Powers v City of Troy, 28 Mich. App. 24, 40; 184 N.W.2d 340 (1970).
"Clearly, the trial judge is not empowered to go through de novo review of the verdict returned by the jury. The remittitur power should be exercised with restraint. The courts are even more reluctant to allow jury verdicts in personal injury cases to be disturbed. The rationale for that deference to the jury is found in the early case of Watrous v Conor, 266 Mich. 397; 254 N.W. 143 (1934):
"`There is and can be no absolute standard by which we can measure the amount of damages in personal injury cases. Individual opinions may differ as to the correctness of awards, even those made by trial judges. It has yet to be determined whether the judgment of a one-man jury is sounder than that of 12. * * * Adopting defendant's contention that, at best, the showing here is only one of pain and suffering, plus expenses for medical services and hospitalization attention, we still prefer our rule stated in the case of Weil v Longyear, 263 Mich. 22 [ 248 N.W. 536 (1933)], that the amount allowed for pain and suffering must rest in the sound judgment of the trier of the facts. Assuming even that our verdict might be in a different amount, we are loath to disturb verdicts for personal injuries on the ground that the amount is excessive.' 266 Mich at 401.
See also, O'Grady v Rydman, 347 Mich. 606; 81 N.W.2d 383 (1957), Cleven v Griffin, 298 Mich. 139; 298 N.W.2d [sic] 482 (1941), Morgan v Engles, 13 Mich. App. 656; 164 N.W.2d 702 (1968), shirley [sic] v The Drackett Products Co, 26 Mich. App. 644; 182 N.W.2d 726 (1970), and Dillard v Braunstein, 32 Mich. App. 216; 188 N.W.2d 203 (1971), for similar reasoning.
"With the extra regard for the jury assessment in personal injury cases, the `shock the conscience' test becomes:
"`"As long as the amount awarded is within the range of the evidence, and within the limits of what reasonable minds might deem just compensation for such imponderable items as personal injuries sustained and pain and suffering, the verdict rendered should not be set aside."' Stevens v Edward C Levy Co, 376 Mich. 1, 5; 135 N.W.2d 414 (1965)." Pippen v Denison Division of Abex Corp, 66 Mich. App. 664, 674-675; 239 N.W.2d 704 (1976). (Footnote omitted.)
Obviously shocking the conscience is a highly subjective test. Nevertheless, we must apply the facts herein to this test to determine if the award does shock our conscience. Plaintiff herein has suffered no disfiguring injury. She has not lost the use of any part of her body. Her ability to be gainfully employed and/or to maintain her home and care for her children is not reduced. Plaintiff has suffered no pain other than some hypersensitivity to cold weather. She does experience a numbness in an area the size of a quarter in the area of the lower left lip. Testimony concerning her damages was somewhat ambiguous; essentially she claimed damages for the mental suffering which resulted from this numbness.
Plaintiff, however, did have a permanent condition and a life expectancy of 40 years. She testified that she does have this numbness in her lip which strains her relationship with her husband because her feeling toward kissing him has changed. She is also self-conscious about eating in front of others. Although there is no pain or physical impairment, she occasionally cannot feel food which escapes her mouth in that area and which causes a mess. She has also burned herself by unintentionally putting hot foods on this numb area. She testified that her self-consciousness about this fact has resulted in curtailment of social activities and a change in life-style.
This Court is, as it should be, reluctant to overturn a jury award. Plaintiffs sought in their complaint damages of $110,000, however, plaintiffs' counsel asked in closing argument for damages in the amount of $400,000. Plaintiff does not suffer pain, does not suffer impairment of earning capacity, has shown no disfigurement, and has suffered no physical restrictions. The question concerning the propriety of allowing a jury award of damages greater than that asked for has been frequently considered by Michigan courts. Michigan courts have traditionally held that no award greater than that asked for in the ad damnum clause could be upheld. Corfeld v Douglas Houghton Hotel Co, 324 Mich. 459; 37 N.W.2d 169 (1949), Kellom v City of Ecorse, 329 Mich. 303; 45 N.W.2d 293 (1951). Confusion has resulted, however, as to the effect of GCR 1963, 518.3, which provides in pertinent part: "Except as to a party against whom a judgment is entered by default, every final judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if the party has not demanded such relief in his pleadings." In Phillips v Rolston, 376 Mich. 264; 137 N.W.2d 158 (1965), the Supreme Court again considered the problem of awards in excess of the ad damnum clause and held, in accordance with prior law, that such awards were not proper and, furthermore, that amendment of the pleadings to conform with the jury award would not be allowed. Strangely enough the Court did not consider the effect of GCR 1963, 518. Apparently the Supreme Court has reconsidered its position and now holds that amendment of the pleadings may be allowed. Gibeault v City of Highland Park, 391 Mich. 814 (1974) (adopting the opinion of the Court of Appeals, 49 Mich. App. 736; 212 N.W.2d 818). See also, Piatkowski v Mok, 29 Mich. App. 426; 185 N.W.2d 413 (1971). The proper resolution of this issue now appears to be that awards in excess of the ad damnum clause are not allowed unless there was proper amendment. However, amendment of the ad damnum clause after the jury award to conform with the award is discretionary with the trial court. See Michigan Mutual Liability Insurance Co v Fruehauf Corp, 63 Mich. App. 109; 234 N.W.2d 424 (1975). The trial court should, however, liberally grant such amendment unless the jury award is not supported by the evidence. Gibeault, supra.
Plaintiffs sought damages totalling $110,000 ($100,000 for Claire Tomei and $10,000 for Frank Tomei). The jury awarded $275,000. We realize that failure to amend the pleadings to conform to the award is usually a technical error. However, consideration of such an amendment does require the court and the parties to consider the matter fully. We feel the trial court when granting a motion to amend the ad damnum clause must consider the reason for the amendment and can only grant the motion when the award is supported by the evidence. Herein there was no evidence sufficient to support this excessive award. Plaintiffs do not contend that facts were discovered or proved which were not available to them when they filed their complaint asking for $110,000. The proofs submitted at trial were exactly those proofs contemplated by plaintiffs when they initially sought $110,000. The award was prompted by plaintiffs' request for $400,000 damages during closing argument. Statements made during closing argument are not evidence and this request when unsupported by the evidence cannot support this excessive award.
In effect, therefore, we rule that remittitur was required on the basis of the record herein. We must remand for entry of judgment in the amount asked for in the complaint or in the alternative, if plaintiffs are not satisfied, then remand for a new trial on the issue of damages alone. Kellon v City of Ecorse, supra. No costs.
W.F. HOOD, J., concurred.
I concur in the result reached by the majority in all respects except for the question of the trial court's failure to order remittitur. The amount of the jury award was not shocking to the conscience of this writer in view of the permanency of the condition, the effect on her social and marital relationships, and her life expectancy. I would affirm the action of the trial court and allow the plaintiffs to accordingly amend the complaint. Livingston v Krown Chemical Manufacturing Inc, 394 Mich. 144; 229 N.W.2d 793 (1975).