Since 1980, Missouri appellate courts have decided seven cases involving homosexual conduct and child custody and visitation. See T.C.H. v. K.M.H. , 784 S.W.2d 281 (Mo.App. E.D. 1989); J.P. v. P.W. , 772 S.W.2d 786 (Mo.App.S.D. 1989); G.A. v. D.A. , 745 S.W.2d 726 (Mo.App.W.D. 1987); S.E.G. v.R.A.G. , 735 S.W.2d 164 (Mo.App.E.D. 1987); J.L.P.(H.) V. D.J.P. , 643 S.W.2d 865 (Mo.App. W.D. 1982); L. v. D. , 630 S.W.2d 240 (Mo.App.S.D. 1982); N.K.M. v. L.E.M. , 606 S.W.2d 179 (Mo.App.W.D. 1980).
Only when there is a nexus between harm to the child and a parent's homosexuality, can that parent's sexual orientation be a factor in determining custody of a child. See, e.g., T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281 (Mo.App. 1989), In In re Marriage of Birdsall, 197 Cal.App.3d 1024, 243 Cal.Rptr. 287 (1988), Pryor v. Pryor, 714 N.E.2d 743 (Ind.App. 1999), Scott v. Scott, 665 So.2d 760 (La.App. 1995). In light of this Court's prior focus in custody matters on the best interests of the child, we find these cases to be persuasive authority.
One of the cases Appellant cites is dispositive of this contention. In T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281 (Mo.App. 1989), the mother alleged the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the children's interests. The appellate court held:
L. v. D., 630 S.W.2d 240, 242 (Mo.App. 1982), quoting Kanady v. Kanady, 527 S.W.2d 704, 707 (Mo.App. 1975). See also, T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281, 285 (Mo.App. 1989). This court notes that Christopher was interviewed by the trial judge as permitted by 452.385, RSMo 1994, but was not asked about his wishes as to which parent he preferred to live with.
He would question them in detail about their visits with mother, and tried to tarnish their desire to live with her by telling them that they would be in daycare and never see her. The children's wishes must also be considered, although these alone are not dispositive of the issue. See RSMo § 452.375.2 (2) (1994); T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281, 285 (Mo.App.E.D. 1989). Furthermore, the deposition of Dr. Forhetz and the testimony of Dr. Hively were compelling. While in father's custody and removed from Missouri for the two years prior to the hearing, the children's emotional health has suffered.
The trial court has broad discretion in determining matters involving child custody and that decision will be affirmed unless the appellate court is firmly convinced that the welfare of the child requires some different disposition. T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281, 283 (Mo.App.E.D. 1989). See also In re Marriage of Johnson, 865 S.W.2d at 414; In re Marriage of Amos, 843 S.W.2d at 950.
Section 452.355, RSMo (Cum. Supp. 1992), provides that the trial court, after considering all relevant factors including financial resources of the parties, has broad discretion in awarding attorney's fees. "When the amount awarded for attorney's fees is questioned on appeal on grounds of inadequacy, the expertise of the trial judge, by reason of his unique position and familiarity with the issues, is entitled to considerable weight, and the fact that the trial court awards less than the amount billed by counsel is not ipso facto indicative of an abuse of discretion." Budzinski v. Budzinski, 632 S.W.2d 527, 531 (Mo.App. 1982); see also T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281 (Mo.App. 1989) (award of $2,500.00 towards attorney's fees totalling $22,475.
The record does not mandate appointment of a guardian ad litem. See also Plunkett, 793 S.W.2d at 554; T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281, 286 (Mo.App. 1989). Point I is denied.
See also Hough v. Hough, 794 S.W.2d 252 (Mo.App. 1990); In re Marriage of Lydic, 762 S.W.2d 99, 101 (Mo.App. 1988); C.J.(S.)R. v. G.D.S., 701 S.W.2d 165, 169 (Mo.App. 1985). Respondent cites T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281 (Mo.App. 1989), stating it holds the "trial court is not required sua sponte to appoint a guardian ad litem for children in custody proceedings unless there is evidence of abuse or neglect." (emphasis by respondent) We fail to find that language in T.C.H. The court noted that when child abuse and neglect is alleged the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem (emphasis in opinion).
Generally, the appointment of a guardian ad litem is a matter within the discretion of the trial court. See T.C.H. v. K.M.H., 784 S.W.2d 281, 286 (Mo.App.E.D. 1989); § 452.490.4, RSMo 1986; § 452.423.1, RSMo Supp. 1989. However, the "court shall appoint a guardian ad litem in any proceeding in which child abuse or neglect is alleged."