Opinion
No. 6935
Decided April 19, 1948.
Negligence — Landlord and tenant — Action for personal injuries — Tenant injured falling down unlighted stairway — Instructed verdict for landlord properly sustained, when — Pleading — Failure to answer not admission of amount of alleged damages — Default judgment — Requiring proof before entering, discretionary with court — Suit dismissed at plaintiff's costs, when — Proof disclosing no cause of action — Attachment on ground of nonresidence may issue, when — Section 11819, General Code.
1. By Section 11819, General Code, an attachment on the ground of nonresidence may issue in an action to recover damages on account of personal injuries resulting from negligence or wrongful act. Pope v. Hibernia Ins. Co., 24 Ohio St. 481, construing a prior statute limiting attachment on ground of nonresidence to actions on contracts, judgments, and decrees, does not state the present Ohio law.
2. In an action for damages on account of personal injuries, failure of defendant to answer is not an admission of the correctness of the amount of damages alleged by plaintiff.
3. It is within the discretion of the trial judge to require proof before entering a judgment against a defaulting defendant.
4. When a court requires proof in an action against a defendant in default, it should enter the judgment required by such proof and when the proof discloses that the plaintiff has no cause of action, the plaintiff's action should be dismissed at his cost.
5. Where it appears that the plaintiff had gone up and down a stairway at night for 18 months and in the dark for two months and when going down in the dark he missed a step, lost his balance and fell, sustaining injuries, no cause of action against the owner or occupier of the premises is disclosed, and a motion by defendant for an instructed verdict will be sustained.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Hamilton county.
Messrs. Armstrong, Englender Jansen, for appellant.
Mr. Albert Spievack and Mr. Robert G. McIntosh, for appellees.
On motion of defendant Marie Roehm, made at the conclusion of the plaintiff's evidence, for an instructed verdict in her favor, the court instructed the jury to find for Marie Roehm and her codefendant, Helen Miller. Judgment was entered on that verdict. Thereafter, in due time, the plaintiff moved to set aside the judgment and verdict, and for a new trial, which motion the court overruled. It is from that judgment that this appeal was taken.
The plaintiff alleged in his amended petition that the defendants on the 17th day of April 1946 were the joint owners and operators of a multiple dwelling house in the city of Cincinnati, of which they were in possession and control, and were engaged in renting furnished rooms therein to various tenants, of which the plaintiff was one, occupying rooms on the third floor.
The plaintiff alleged that on the date stated at about 8 o'clock at night he descended the stairs to the second floor "and that as he proceeded to go from the second floor to the first floor there was no light, either natural or artificial in the stairway and that as he proceeded to attempt to descend the stairs in the darkness his foot missed the first step and he fell down the stairs and was severely injured." The negligence alleged against the defendants was that they "failed to cause the stairway to be properly lighted as required by Sections 1710 and 1580 of the Building Code of the Code of Ordinances of the city of Cincinnati," which were set out in full. These ordinances required stairways, corridors, passageways, or other means of egress in certain buildings of the kind described in the amended petition and where this accident occurred, to be kept adequately lighted at all times by "not less than one approved light on each floor, in the public hallway near the stairs. Additional approved lights shall be provided where necessary for safety in the opinion of the commissioner of buildings. All such lights shall be kept burning from sunset until sunrise except that in group `H-L.' building 3 stories or less in height, such lights shall be kept burning from sunset until midnight. If lights are provided and then become extinguished without the knowledge or consent of the owner or his agent, said owner or agent shall be presumed to have complied with the provisions of this section provided he shall have restored the same within a reasonable time."
It was alleged that defendants refused to provide light in the stairway though requested by the plaintiff so to do and failed to restore lighting within a reasonable time after having knowledge of the lack of light.
There was no specific allegation that the stairway was used in common by the plaintiff and other tenants or that any special control over it was reserved by the defendants. Nor was there any evidence on that subject.
There was no allegation or proof of any defect in the stairs other than the absence of adequate light.
Marie Roehm answered admitting that the premises described were rented to tenants and that plaintiff was a tenant in the building, and then denied all other allegations, and, as a second defense, alleged contributory negligence.
The plaintiff replied denying contributory negligence.
Summons was issued to the sheriff to be served on both Marie Roehm and Helen Miller. The sheriff's return shows that Helen Miller was not found and no service was made upon her. Later her interest in the real estate where the accident is alleged to have occurred was attached on the ground that she was a nonresident, and she was duly served with notice by publication of the attachment. She did not appear in the action and at the time of the trial was in default for answer. As no personal service was had upon Helen Miller, no personal judgment could be rendered against her in any event. It is urged that the attachment conferred no jurisdiction over her interest in the real estate, for the reason that the law does not authorize an attachment on the ground of nonresidence in an action to recover damages for personal injuries, and Pope v. Hibernia Ins. Co., 24 Ohio St. 481, is cited in support of that position. However, that case was decided in 1874, at a time when the statute only authorized attachment on the ground of nonresidence in actions on contracts, judgments and decrees. In 1891, the section (now Section 11819, General Code) was amended to provide for attachment on ground of nonresidence in actions for damages for causing personal injury by a negligent or wrongful act. 88 Ohio Laws, 65. See, also, Smith v. Buck, 119 Ohio St. 101, 162 N.E. 382, 61 A.L.R., 1343, where the only question discussed was whether a "slander" was a "personal injury" as that phrase is used in Section 11819, General Code, and the court held it was and sustained the attachment.
There was evidence that Helen Miller owned or had some interest in the real estate attached. The court, therefore, acquired jurisdiction in the cause to the extent of such ownership or interest.
At the opening of the trial the plaintiff moved for a default judgment against Helen Miller. The court overruled the motion and the trial proceeded against both defendants. It is urged that the court erred in overruling the plaintiff's motion.
We find that whether a court shall render a default judgment with or without requiring evidence in support of the plaintiff's claim rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge. Dallas v. Ferneau, 25 Ohio St. 635, and Van Ingen v. Berger, 82 Ohio St. 255, 261, 92 N.E. 433. That discretion is peculiarly appropriate in an action for damages for personal injuries where the amount of recovery is not admitted by failure to answer, but must be determined from the evidence on the trial. See Sections 11329 and 11593, General Code.
Having discretion to require evidence to support the plaintiff's allegations, it follows that the court should make its decision conform to the law as applicable to the facts proven, and if no cause of action is shown no default judgment in plaintiff's favor should be rendered. Indeed, no court has jurisdiction to render judgment where the proof shows no cause of action exists.
We, therefore, hold that the court did not err in overruling the plaintiff's motion for judgment by default against Helen Miller.
The remaining question is whether the plaintiff produced substantial evidence of a violation of duty by defendants directly causing damage to plaintiff as alleged by him. We have already set forth the allegations of the plaintiff's amended petition that as he was descending the stairs in the darkness, he missed the step and fell, and was injured. We do not stop to consider whether a cause of action is alleged. The question was not raised. We proceed to consider the evidence.
The plaintiff testified that he had lived in this third floor apartment for 18 months, that he rented the premises from Mrs. Roehm, that the stairway where he fell was the only means of reaching the third floor, that it was an inside stair well, that there was no light from the outside, that he had gone up and down these stairs every night during his tenancy, that it was eight o'clock and he went down to the second floor landing and tried to turn on the electric light there located, but the light did not turn on when he operated the switch, that the light had operated for the first 16 months of his tenancy, but had failed to operate for the last two months, and that on the night in question he tried the light, but it would not turn on and then "I started back to the landing and was going to proceed down the steps — when I lost my balance. There is a ledge sticking out about four inches from the wall and my foot struck on that and that is what threw me." He testified that there was a banister on the left side and that he was feeling for it when he lost his balance. At that time he was on the second floor landing.
Mrs. Roehm, called on cross-examination, testified that Helen Miller owned the premises and that she, Mrs. Roehm, leased them from Helen Miller. In the process of developing this evidence the court sustained objections to certain questions and that is assigned as error. However, as the sole purpose of the questions was to prove ownership and as that was fully developed and uncontradicted, the plaintiff could not have been prejudiced by the court's rulings in any event. It was not because of any defect in the proof as to ownership or control that the court based its decision in sustaining the defendant Roehm's motion for an instructed verdict. In sustaining the motion the court said that the verdict should be for both defendants "for the reason that as far as the other defendant, who was served by publication, is concerned, she was not in possession or, if she was in possession, the same rule would apply to her as applies to the defendant Marie Roehm." And that rule the court said was announced in Petrey v. Liuzzi, 76 Ohio App. 19, 61 N.E.2d 158. While there are many differences in the facts of that case and those in the case at bar, they are identical in the one crucial point that in each case the plaintiff with full knowledge of all the facts proceeded to use an unlighted stairway. In one case, matches ceased to burn and the plaintiff fell, and in this case the plaintiff missed a step, lost his balance and fell.
In holding that the plaintiff could not recover in Petrey v. Liuzzi, supra, this court relied upon Flury v. Central Publishing House, 118 Ohio St. 154, 160 N.E. 679, and Kahn's Sons Co. v. Ellswick, 122 Ohio St. 576, 172 N.E. 668. In so doing we quoted the third paragraph of the syllabus of Flury v. Central Publishing House, supra, as follows:
"The testimony of a plaintiff invitee, in an action for negligence, that from a lighted room he opened a closed metal-covered sliding door, was confronted with total darkness beyond the door, that he then stepped into such total darkness, to his injury, without any knowledge, information or investigation as to what such darkness might conceal, raises an inference of negligence on his part which, in the absence of any evidence tending to refute such inference, will require a directed verdict for the defendant."
The plaintiff in the present case took many steps in the dark before he finally missed a tread and fell. He was not lured into the darkness by anything the defendants did. He was proceeding with full knowledge of all the circumstances. Under such circumstances, the plaintiff's misfortune cannot be ascribed to the conduct of another. His own action — negligent or otherwise — caused his injuries.
We are of the opinion that the court did not err in sustaining the defendant Roehm's motion for an instructed verdict at the close of the plaintiff's evidence.
For these reasons, the judgment is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
MATTHEWS, P.J., ROSS and HILDEBRANT, JJ., concur in the syllabus, opinion and judgment.