Opinion
No. 1976
Decided November 24, 1948.
Negligence — Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle within crosswalk — Proceeding with green traffic signal which changed before he reached curb — Motorist, proceeding into intersection with green light, negligent — Sections 6307-13 and 6307-45, General Code, violated — Duty to yield right of way — Charge to jury not error — Pedestrian, crossing street without using senses, negligent.
1. Where a pedestrian proceeds across a street within a crosswalk at an intersection with the green signal of the traffic light, but, before he reaches the other side of the street, the traffic light changes, and an operator of a motor vehicle then facing the green light moves into the intersection and strikes the pedestrian, such operator is guilty of negligence in violating the provisions of paragraph (a) 2 of Section 6307-13, and of paragraph (a) of Section 6307-45, General Code, obligating the operator of a vehicle to yield the right of way to a pedestrian in such a situation.
2. A charge, in a negligence action based on such violation, to the effect that, if the pedestrian, as he was proceeding across the street, did not use his senses of sight and hearing, he was negligent, is not erroneous.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Montgomery county.
Messrs. Matthews Altick, for appellant.
Messrs. Harshman Young, for appellee.
Plaintiff appeals on questions of law from a judgment of the Common Pleas Court dismissing her petition, upon a verdict of a jury for the defendant.
The action was for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff when she was struck by an automobile driven by defendant. The collision occurred on the north crosswalk on South Main street, Dayton, Ohio, at the intersection of South Main and Fourth streets.
Plaintiff was moving from the east side of South Main street on the crosswalk, intending to cross to the west side of the street. Defendant was moving southwardly on South Main street and approaching Fourth street, in the middle strip of a three-way lane in the west half of South Main street. The collision occurred after the plaintiff had reached a place on the crosswalk in front, or to the left side, of the left fender of defendant's automobile.
The principal issue between the parties arises upon the respective obligation of each party in the situation presented at the time of impact.
Eight errors are assigned, all of which except Nos. 7 and 8 may be encompassed under two headings, namely, (1) refusal to give certain special instructions before argument upon request of plaintiff and error in the general charge and (2) the giving of special instruction No. 1 before argument upon request of defendant.
The case made by the plaintiff upon her testimony is not that which is pleaded in her petition. She stated, 32 times, that prior to and at the time she was struck she had the green traffic light in her favor; that she waited on the east side of South Main street until the light changed to green, then stepped off the curb onto the street and hurriedly walked on the crosswalk across the street and had almost attained the west side of the street when she was struck by defendant's automobile. There is consistency in her statements because she had 17 1/2 seconds from the time the signal changed to green until it flashed amber, and if she had hurried she would, in probability, have reached the place where she was struck before the change in the signal light to amber. Had she so pleaded, she would have been entitled to have her theory of her case presented to the jury, although other testimony from her own witness was not in accord with hers. Painesville Utopia Theatre Co. v. Lautermilch, 118 Ohio St. 167, 160 N.E. 683; Pope, Admx., v. Mudge, 108 Ohio St. 192, 140 N.E. 501. Plaintiff, however, pleaded that at the time she was walking in the crosswalk the traffic light exhibited a green signal for traffic and pedestrians proceeding westwardly; and "that when said traffic light changed to green for southbound traffic on Main street said defendant proceeded forward into said north crosswalk without permitting plaintiff to proceed the rest of the way across South Main street and struck her with his automobile." That is to say, plaintiff pleaded that, while she was moving on the crosswalk and before she had completed her crossing to the west side of South Main street, the traffic light changed to green for the defendant, and, therefore, because of the arrangement of the traffic signals, the light at that time was red for her.
The first specification of negligence is the failure of defendant to yield the right of way to plaintiff. Consistent with this claim, plaintiff presented four special instructions to the court which she requested to be given to the jury before argument, all of which, Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 8, were refused. It is asserted that No. 8 was requested only after Nos. 4 and 5 had been refused and, as we understand, would not have been urged but for the refusal.
The instructions requested are:
"4. If you find by a preponderance of the evidence that Mary Stout was walking across South Main street at Fourth street within the north crosswalk with the green signal of the traffic light, and that the traffic signal changed to green for southbound traffic on South Main street, at said time, then you are instructed that Robert Wagner was required by statute to yield the right of way to her, and was legally bound to permit her to proceed uninterruptedly in a lawful manner through the intersection.
"5. If you find that Mary Stout had the `right of way' while in the crosswalk then, I charge you as a matter of law, that in the absence of knowledge to the contrary, she had a right to expect and assume that Robert Wagner would obey the law and yield to her such `right of way.'
"6. If you find that Mary Stout had the `right of way' while in the crosswalk and that defendant, Robert Wagner, failed to yield it to her and such failure to yield the `right of way' was the sole proximate cause of her injuries, if any, then, I instruct you as a matter of law that said Robert Wagner was guilty of negligence and your verdict must be for the plaintiff and against the defendant."
"8. If you find by a preponderance of the evidence that Mary Stout was walking across South Main street at Fourth street within the north crosswalk with the green signal of the traffic light in her favor, and that the traffic signal changed to green for southbound traffic on South Main street while she was lawfully crossing said street within said crosswalk, then you are instructed that Robert Wagner was required by statute to yield the right of way to her and she had a statutory right to proceed uninterruptedly in a lawful manner in the direction in which she was moving in preference to the southbound automobile of Robert Wagner and under such circumstances she would have a right to expect, in the absence of knowledge to the contrary, that Robert Wagner would obey the law and yield the right of way to her."
Defendant's special charge No. 1, given at his request before argument, is:
"The court charges you that if you find that plaintiff, as she was proceeding across South Main street, did not use her senses of sight and hearing, or such care for her own safety as a reasonably prudent person would have done under the same or similar circumstances then plaintiff, Mary Stout, was negligent, and if you then further find that plaintiff's own negligence directly caused or contributed in the slightest degree to cause the injuries and damages complained of, your verdict must be for the defendant."
The court in its general charge in various places therein said to the jury, in substance, that at the time of the collision each of the parties had an equal right to the use of the highway and both were bound to exercise ordinary care for their own safety and for the safety of each other.
The court in refusing plaintiff's requested special charges before argument, and in its general charge, followed the doctrine of the case of Martinovich, a Minor, v. E. R. Jones Co., 135 Ohio St. 137, 19 N.E.2d 952, and, if that case is controlling, the action of the court was correct.
It is urged by plaintiff that the rights of the parties here are controlled by Sections 6307-13 and 6307-45, General Code. These provisions of the Code were effective September 6, 1941, while the cited case was decided on March 15, 1939. The first and second paragraphs of the syllabus of that case read:
"1. In the absence of statute or ordinance so prescribing, there is not an absolute duty devolving upon the driver of a motor vehicle standing at or approaching a street intersection, upon receiving the green or `go' signal of a traffic light, to wait until one on the crosswalk is entirely out of the intersection before such driver may move into it. A charge to the jury imposing such absolute duty would be erroneous.
"2. A signal by automatic light or traffic policeman to proceed does not absolve the driver of a motor vehicle from the duty to exercise ordinary care for the safety of pedestrians at a known street crossing. The care and caution to be exercised as to those in the intersection must be commensurate with the existing danger of collision and consequent injury."
Inasmuch as we now have the statutes defining rights and obligations of those affected by traffic signals and their operation, which statutes were not in effect when the cited case was decided, the narrow question is whether the terms of these statutes change in any particular the rights of the parties as declared in the adjudication. The pertinent language of Section 6307-13, General Code, is:
"Whenever traffic is controlled by traffic-control signals exhibiting the words `go,' `caution,' or `stop,' or exhibiting different colored lights successively one at a time, * * * the following colors only shall be used and said terms and lights shall indicate and apply to operators of vehicles, streetcars and trackless trolleys and pedestrians, as follows:
"(a) Green alone or `go.'
"1. Pedestrians facing the signal may proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked crosswalk.
"2. All other traffic facing the signal except as provided under Sections 35 and 56 may proceed straight through or turn right or left unless a sign at such place prohibits either such turn. But such traffic shall yield the right of way to vehicles, streetcars and trackless trolleys lawfully within the intersection and to pedestrians lawfully within a crosswalk at the time such signal is exhibited.
"* * *
"(d) Red alone or `stop.'
"* * *
"2. All other traffic facing the signal shall stop before entering the intersection and shall remain standing until authorized to proceed by a traffic-control device."
Section 6307-45, General Code, provides:
"(a) It shall be the duty of the operator of any vehicle * * * to yield the right of way to a pedestrian lawfully crossing the roadway within any crosswalk.
"(b) Whenever any vehicle * * * is stopped at a marked crosswalk * * * at an intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway, the operator of any other vehicle * * * approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass such stopped vehicle * * *."
The testimony of plaintiff's witness, Scott, was to the effect that, as the plaintiff proceeded across the intersection, when she passed the center thereof, his automobile was stopped on the red signal a very short distance from the north side of the crosswalk just to the west of a safety zone in the first lane in the west half of South Main street; and that when plaintiff was struck she had passed this first automobile and probably had taken one step to the west when the signal changed to green for him, and therefore, green for the defendant. At that moment defendant, whose automobile the petition avers was then standing in the second lane for automobile traffic and just west of the Scott automobile, immediately upon the change of light to green for him moved into the intersection and struck the plaintiff. Plaintiff insisted that, although she saw the Scott automobile, she did not see defendant's car and defendant said that, although he observed the Scott car, he did not see the plaintiff until she stepped into his fender. The language of the Code now prescribes the respective rights and duties of the parties here and it is somewhat at variance with that announced in the case upon which the trial judge relied.
As the plaintiff had the green light until about the time she reached the place where she was struck, even though it changed to red at that time, she was lawfully on the crosswalk and was permitted under paragraph (a) 1 of Section 6307-13, General Code, to proceed across the intersection. This right accorded to her, the defendant was required to respect because, as provided in paragraph (a) 2 of Section 6307-13, General Code, there was enjoined upon him the specific obligation to "yield the right of way to * * * pedestrians lawfully within a crosswalk at the time such signal is exhibited." Like obligation was required of the defendant under paragraph (a) of Section 6307-45, General Code.
We held in State v. Howey, 78 Ohio App. 419, 65 N.E.2d 671, that, "where a pedestrian starts across the street on a crosswalk at a street intersection with the green traffic light in her favor, but before she reaches the opposite sidewalk the traffic light changes and the operator of a vehicle, with the green light then in his favor, attempts to cross the intersection and strikes such pedestrian," he may be found to have "violated the provisions of Section 6307-45 * * * General Code, prescribing the duty of an operator of a vehicle to yield the right of way to a pedestrian." We said in the opinion in that case, as we say here, that Juergens v. Bell Dist., Inc., 135 Ohio St. 335, 21 N.E.2d 90, is more applicable to the case at bar than Martinovich v. E. R. Jones Co., supra. For cases outside Ohio see the A. L. R. annotation to Kirk v. Los Angeles Ry. Corp.,, 26 Cal.2d 833, 161 P.2d 673, 164 A.L.R., 152. All the special instructions requested by the plaintiff, Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 8, are, in our opinion, sound propositions of law and should have been given.
So far as the general charge is at variance with the meaning of the statutes, as we have construed them, it was erroneous and prejudicial to the plaintiff. The parts of the general charge to which the plaintiff excepts are numerous and we will not restate them here as there should be no difficulty in applying our holding to the incorrect and inapplicable portions of the charge as given.
We find no error in the giving of defendant's special instruction No. 1 before argument. It is urged that the language, "did not use her senses of sight and hearing," was too restrictive in that it attempted to define the extent to which the plaintiff was required to use her senses. We do not so read it. It merely requires that she use her senses of sight and hearing and does not undertake to specify when or where she would be required in the exercise of ordinary care to use such senses. The charge does not have the objectionable features found in the cases of Juergens v. Bell Dist., Inc., supra, and C., C., C. St. L. Ry. Co. v. Kuhl, Admx., 123 Ohio St. 552, 558, 176 N.E. 222.
We do not find assignment of error No. 7 well made. No. 8, that the judgment is contrary to law, is established upon the prejudicial error which we have found respecting the special and general charges.
For the reasons assigned the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.
WISEMAN, P. J., and MILLER, J., concur.