Opinion
No. 41420–1–II.
2012-06-5
STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Justin A. LIBERO, Appellant.
John A. Hays, Attorney at Law, Longview, WA, for Appellant. Debra Eurich, Lewis Co. Prosecutor's Office, Chehalis, WA, for Respondent.
John A. Hays, Attorney at Law, Longview, WA, for Appellant. Debra Eurich, Lewis Co. Prosecutor's Office, Chehalis, WA, for Respondent.
PART PUBLISHED OPINION
WORSWICK, C.J.
¶ 1 A jury convicted Justin Libero of possession of over 40 grams of marijuana and illegal use of drug paraphernalia. Libero appeals, arguing the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress drug and drug paraphernalia evidence. We affirm.
In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we address Libero's argument that substantial evidence does not support the trial court's findings of fact after a suppression hearing and his claim that the trial court erred by refusing to give a lesser included offense instruction. We find substantial evidence supports the findings of fact and we hold that the trial court committed no error in refusing to give the requested instruction.
FACTS
¶ 2 On May 14, 2010, Libero was a guest at Jessica Guerrero and Thomas Soeby's apartment. Chehalis police had received a complaint about an odor of marijuana coming from the apartment, and Officers Warren Ayers and Chris Taylor responded, arriving just after midnight. Both officers smelled an odor of marijuana from the hall outside the apartment. The officers knocked on the door and Guerrero answered. Soeby and Libero were also in the apartment. Guerrero told the officers that Soeby was her boyfriend and that he lived at the apartment.
¶ 3 Officer Taylor could see a marijuana plant just inside the apartment and he instructed Libero and Soeby to come into the hall. Officer Taylor noticed green vegetable matter on the front of Libero's shirt. Libero told Officer Taylor that the plant was his and that he had found it alongside some railroad tracks.
¶ 4 Officer Ayers asked Guerrero who the apartment belonged to and she said it was hers. Soeby admitted to Officer Taylor that he had a small amount of marijuana. Officer Ayers entered the apartment with Soeby to retrieve the marijuana. But upon entering the apartment Officer Ayers saw a large amount of vegetable matter that he recognized as marijuana and he brought Soeby back out of the apartment.
¶ 5 Officer Ayers then asked Guerrero to sign a form consenting to search the apartment, which Guerrero did. The officers did not obtain Soeby's consent to search the apartment. The police then entered the apartment and found marijuana leaves “all over the floor” of the living room as well as on a coffee table, along with a large number of marijuana pipes. Report of Proceedings (RP) (Sept. 15, 2010) at 12.
¶ 6 The State charged Libero with possession of over 40 grams of marijuana and with unlawful use of drug paraphernalia. Libero moved to suppress the evidence found in the apartment under CrR 3.6, arguing that the search was unlawful without Soeby's consent. The trial court denied this motion, concluding that although Libero had automatic standing to challenge the search, the search was lawful as to Libero based on Guerrero's consent.
.RCW 69.50.4013.
.RCW 69.50.412(1).
¶ 7 Officers Ayers and Taylor testified to the above facts at the suppression hearing and again at Libero's jury trial. At trial, Soeby testified that the marijuana plant was his, that it was his idea to take it, and that he planned to keep it for himself. But he also testified that Libero helped him cut up the marijuana and that they both exercised control over parts of the plant. Libero also testified that the plant belonged to Soeby.
¶ 8 Before closing arguments, Libero requested a lesser included offense instruction for possession of less than 40 grams of marijuana, which the trial court denied. The jury found Libero guilty as charged. Libero appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. Suppression of Evidence
¶ 9 Libero argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the evidence found after the search of the apartment. He argues that he had automatic standing to challenge the search and, because the search violated Soeby's rights, it was invalid as to Libero. We disagree.
¶ 10 We review this issue de novo for whether the trial court's findings of fact supports its conclusions of law. State v. Cole, 122 Wash.App. 319, 322–23, 93 P.3d 209 (2004). Although we agree that Libero had automatic standing, we hold that the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence of drugs and drug paraphernalia. A. Automatic Standing
¶ 11 We first address Libero's argument that he had automatic standing to challenge the search of Guerrero and Soeby's apartment. We agree.
¶ 12 Ordinarily, standing to challenge a search or seizure under the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7 of the State Constitution requires a defendant to have a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place searched or the thing seized. State v. Boot, 81 Wash.App. 546, 550, 915 P.2d 592 (1996). But a defendant who has no legitimate expectation of privacy may still be able to assert automatic standing. State v. Evans, 159 Wash.2d 402, 406–07, 150 P.3d 105 (2007). Although the United States Supreme Court has abolished automatic standing under the federal constitution, it remains valid under Washington article I, section 7. See Evans, 159 Wash.2d at 407, 150 P.3d 105 (quoting State v. Simpson, 95 Wash.2d 170, 175, 622 P.2d 1199 (1980) (plurality opinion)).
A casual visitor who is not an overnight guest has no legitimate expectation of privacy in the premises where he is located. Boot, 81 Wash.App. at 551, 915 P.2d 592. Because Libero was a visitor, he lacked a legitimate expectation of privacy in Guerrero and Soeby's apartment.
¶ 13 Automatic standing applies when (1) possession is an essential element of the offense charged and (2) the defendant was in possession of the contraband at the time of the search or seizure. Evans, 159 Wash.2d at 407, 150 P.3d 105 (quoting Simpson, 95 Wash.2d at 181, 622 P.2d 1199). “A defendant who has acquired automatic standing in effect stands in the shoes of an individual properly in possession of the property that was searched or seized.” Simpson, 95 Wash.2d at 182, 622 P.2d 1199.
¶ 14 Libero was charged with possessing more than 40 grams of marijuana, an offense in which possession is an essential element. RCW 69.50.4013. And it is undisputed that he possessed at least some of the marijuana. Because both elements are met, Libero had automatic standing to challenge the search. B. Validity of Search
¶ 15 Libero next argues that because Soeby lived at the apartment and the police did not obtain Soeby's consent before searching, the evidence against Libero should have been suppressed. But Libero conflates the applicability of automatic standing with the validity of a tenant's consent to search. Although he has automatic standing to challenge the search, such standing does not confer upon Libero the same rights and authority as a tenant of the apartment.
¶ 16 Article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution protects against unlawful intrusions into private affairs. State v. Harrington, 167 Wash.2d 656, 663, 222 P.3d 92 (2009). Warrantless searches and seizures are presumed unlawful unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies. State v. Grande, 164 Wash.2d 135, 141, 187 P.3d 248 (2008). Consent is a recognized exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wash.2d 126, 131, 101 P.3d 80 (2004).
¶ 17 The State bears the burden of proof to show that a warrantless search was based on valid consent, including the burden to show that the consenting person had the requisite authority to consent to a search. See State v. Morse, 156 Wash.2d 1, 7, 14, 123 P.3d 832 (2005). One person's consent to search premises is invalid against anyone present with authority to control the premises equal to or greater than the consenting person. State v. Leach, 113 Wash.2d 735, 744, 782 P.2d 1035 (1989). But “consent to search by a host is always effective against a guest within the common areas of the premises.” State v. Vy Thang, 145 Wash.2d 630, 638–39, 41 P.3d 1159 (2002).
¶ 18 Libero relies principally on Morse, 156 Wash.2d 1, 123 P.3d 832, to argue that Guerrero's consent to search her apartment was insufficient to render the warrantless search valid. There, although Morse was present, the police obtained consent from a houseguest to search Morse's residence. 156 Wash.2d at 6, 123 P.3d 832. The police never obtained Morse's consent for the search. 156 Wash.2d at 6, 123 P.3d 832.
¶ 19 Our Supreme Court held, “We have never held that a cohabitant with common authority can give consent that is binding upon another cohabitant with equal or greater control over the premises when the nonconsenting cohabitant is actually present on the premises.... We decline to do so now.” 156 Wash.2d at 13, 123 P.3d 832. Because the State could not prove that the guest's authority to control the premises was greater than Morse's, the guest's consent was ineffective against Morse, and the fruits of the warrantless search could not be admitted against Morse. 156 Wash.2d at 14, 123 P.3d 832. But Morse does not help Libero.
¶ 20 Guerrero's consent to search the apartment was not binding on Soeby because he had equal rights to control the premises and was present. Leach, 113 Wash.2d at 744, 782 P.2d 1035. But Guerrero's consent was binding on Libero because he was a guest. Vy Thang, 145 Wash.2d at 638–39, 41 P.3d 1159.
¶ 21 Without citation to authority, Libero's argument assumes that automatic standing not only allows him to challenge the search of the apartment, but confers upon him the same rights as Soeby. We reject this argument.
¶ 22 The purpose of automatic standing is to allow a defendant charged with a possessory offense to challenge the legality of a search or seizure without being subject to self-incrimination. State v. Jones, 146 Wash.2d 328, 334–35, 45 P.3d 1062 (2002). But a defendant asserting automatic standing must still assert his own rights, not those of a third party. State v. Shuffelen, 150 Wash.App. 244, 255, 208 P.3d 1167 (2009) (quoting State v. Williams, 142 Wash.2d 17, 23, 11 P.3d 714 (2000)). Automatic standing does not permit a defendant to collaterally attack a search on the basis that it violated another's rights, as Libero seeks to do here. Shuffelen, 150 Wash.App. at 255, 208 P.3d 1167. The search, based on Guerrero's consent, was valid against Libero. Accordingly, we reject Libero's arguments.
¶ 23 In sum, automatic standing does not allow Libero to assert Soeby's rights. It allows him only to challenge the legality of the search without establishing the legitimate expectation of privacy normally required for standing to challenge a search or seizure. The search's invalidity against Soeby did not render it invalid as to Libero. Accordingly, Libero's claim that the search was invalid fails.
¶ 24 Affirmed.
¶ 25 A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.
******UNPUBLISHED TEXT FOLLOWS******
II. Findings of Fact
¶ 26 Libero argues that substantial evidence does not support the trial court's Cr.R 3.6 findings of fact. But the findings Libero points to are either supported by substantial evidence or irrelevant to determination of the CrR 3.6 motion.
The State argues that Libero may not raise this issue for the first time on appeal because he did not object to the findings and conclusions when they were entered below. Because the State does not cite any authority for this proposition, we do not further consider it. RAP 10.3(a)(6).
¶ 27 We review a trial court's findings of fact following a CrR 3.6 hearing for whether they are supported by substantial evidence. Cole, 122 Wash.App. at 322–23, 93 P.3d 209. Substantial evidence is evidence in sufficient quantity to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the finding. State v. Barnes, 158 Wash.App. 602, 609, 243 P.3d 165 (2010).
¶ 28 Libero first challenges the trial court's findings that the police smelled a “strong” odor of “fresh” marijuana coming from the seams of the apartment door. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 32; Br. of Appellant at 9. He also challenges the finding that the police smelled “fresh” marijuana when Guerrero answered the door.
¶ 29 The State correctly concedes that there was no evidence that the police smelled “fresh” marijuana. Br. of Resp't at 14. At the CrR 3.6 hearing, Officers Ayers and Taylor both testified that they could smell marijuana but they did not testify that they smelled “fresh” marijuana. But Officer Taylor testified that “[t]here was a strong odor of marijuana” coming from the apartment. RP (Sept. 15, 2010) at 19. Thus there was substantial evidence that the odor of marijuana was strong, though not that it smelled like “fresh” marijuana.
¶ 30 “An erroneous finding of fact not materially affecting the conclusions of law is not prejudicial and does not warrant a reversal.” State v. Caldera, 66 Wash.App. 548, 551, 832 P.2d 139 (1992). Whether the marijuana smelled fresh is not material to the trial court's conclusions of law and, therefore, this error is harmless. Caldera, 66 Wash.App. at 551, 832 P.2d 139.
¶ 31 Libero also challenges the trial court's finding of fact that “Guerrero said the apartment was hers.” CP at 32. Libero concedes that substantial evidence supports this finding but he argues that it is misleading because “Guerrero never claimed exclusive possession of the apartment, and she did not claim a possessory right superior to that of Mr. Soeby.” Br. of Appellant at 10. This finding is not misleading because the trial court recognized that Guerrero never claimed exclusive possession by finding, “Soeby was living in the apartment with Guerrero.” CP at 33.
¶ 32 Libero interprets the trial court's finding to mean something other than what it says, and then argues that his interpretation is not supported by substantial evidence. But substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding on this point and Libero's argument fails.
III. Lesser Included Offense Instruction
¶ 33 Libero finally argues that the trial court erred by refusing to give a lesser included offense instruction on possession of less than 40 grams of marijuana under RCW 69.50.4014. We disagree.
¶ 34 We review a trial court's refusal to give a jury instruction for abuse of discretion. State v. Prado, 144 Wash.App. 227, 241, 181 P.3d 901 (2008). Under the Workman test, a party is entitled to a lesser included offense instruction where “(1) each element of the lesser offense is a necessary element of the greater offense charged (the legal prong) and (2) the evidence in the case supports an inference that only the lesser crime was committed (the factual prong).” State v. Meneses, 169 Wash.2d 586, 595, 238 P.3d 495 (2010). When determining whether the evidence was sufficient to support a jury instruction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party requesting the instruction. State v. Fernandez–Medina, 141 Wash.2d 448, 455–56, 6 P.3d 1150 (2000). The factual prong is satisfied if the evidence would permit a jury to rationally find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense but acquit the defendant of the greater offense. Fernandez–Medina, 141 Wash.2d at 456, 6 P.3d 1150.
State v. Workman, 90 Wash.2d 443, 447–48, 584 P.2d 382 (1978).
¶ 35 The parties agree that the legal prong of the Workman test is satisfied here. But the State correctly argues that the factual prong is not satisfied.
¶ 36 Libero argues that there was evidence that Soeby brought the marijuana plant to his apartment without any help from Libero. Libero also argues that evidence showed that Libero “cut a little bit of marijuana off the plant and put it in a baggie, but only because Thomas Soeby gave him permission to take that small amount.” Br. of Appellant at 25. Libero is correct as to the first argument but incorrect as to the second.
¶ 37 Soeby testified that he initially carried the marijuana plant when they found it, but he testified, “I don't know if we maybe switched hands walking down the back of the tracks.” RP (trial) at 91. Libero testified that he did not remember if he helped Soeby carry the plant. This permitted an inference that Libero did not possess the plant on the way back to Soeby's apartment.
¶ 38 Although Soeby testified that he intended to keep the plant for himself, he also admitted on cross examination that Libero helped him cut “some” of the plant up. RP (Trial) at 92, 97. The State asked, “So you were both exercising control over parts of this plant as you're cutting it up, isn't that correct?” to which Soeby replied, “Yes.” RP (Trial) at 97. He further testified, “I was putting it in the bags, though, he was just clipping it.” RP (Trial) at 98. The State also asked, “Clipping it, helping you out by making it smaller so you could stick it in the bags, right?” RP (Trial) at 98. Soeby answered, “Right.” RP (trial) at 98. But on redirect examination, defense counsel asked, “Was Mr. Libero just cutting little bits off the plant?” to which Soeby again answered, “Yes.” RP (Trial) at 100.
¶ 39 There was no evidence that Libero cut just a “little bit of marijuana off the plant and put it in a baggie, but only because Thomas Soeby gave him permission to take that small amount.” Br. of Appellant at 25. The closest testimony to this effect was Soeby's testimony that Libero was “just cutting little bits off the plant.” RP (Trial) at 100. But critically, this was testimony that Libero was cutting off little bits, not “a little bit.” This testimony was insufficient for a rational jury to find that Libero possessed only a single small part of the plant.
¶ 40 There was no evidence that Libero simply took a small amount of marijuana for himself and left the rest of the plant alone, as Libero now suggests on appeal. Consequently, the jury could not have rationally concluded that Libero committed only the lesser included offense and not the greater offense. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give Libero's lesser included offense instruction and Libero's claim on this point fails.
¶ 41 Affirmed.