Opinion
2021-KA-0409
03-23-2022
STATE OF LOUISIANA v. ISSA L. LAMIZANA JR.
JASON ROGERS WILLIAMS DISTRICT ATTORNEY DAVID B. LEBLANC ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY APPEALS DIVISION 619 S WHITE STREET NEW ORLEANS, LA 70119 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE SHERRY WATTERS LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT P. O. BOX 58769 NEW ORLEANS, LA 70158 COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT ORLEANS PARISH NO. 514-483, SECTION "J" HONORABLE DARRYL A. DERBIGNY, JUDGE
JASON ROGERS WILLIAMS DISTRICT ATTORNEY DAVID B. LEBLANC ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY APPEALS DIVISION 619 S WHITE STREET NEW ORLEANS, LA 70119 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE
SHERRY WATTERS LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT P. O. BOX 58769 NEW ORLEANS, LA 70158 COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT
(Court composed of Judge Joy Cossich Lobrano, Judge Rosemary Ledet, Judge Sandra Cabrina Jenkins)
ROSEMARY LEDET JUDGE
RML
This is a criminal case. The defendant, Issa Lamizana, Jr., appeals his convictions and sentences for two counts of aggravated rape. For the following reasons, we remand this matter to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Lamizana married the victims' mother, Ebone Janelle Thomas, in December 2010. Ms. Thomas had two children, a daughter (E.T. 1) and a son (E.T. 2), from a previous relationship.
Pursuant to La. R.S. 46:1844(W), the juvenile victims are referred to only by their initials.
On December 20, 2012, a grand jury indicted Mr. Lamizana on two counts of aggravated rape in violation of La. R.S. 14:42(A)(4), one count relating to each of his step-children. At trial, the State called Ms. Thomas, the two victims, and several witnesses involved in the investigation of the charges and treatment of the victims to testify. Mr. Lamizana testified on his own behalf and called several family members to testify. The State also introduced written and recorded statements of the victims.
Because the rapes were alleged to have taken place before the amendment of La. R.S. 14:42, Mr. Lamizana was charged with aggravated rape, rather than first degree rape.
On January 20, 2016, after a two-day trial, the jury found Mr. Lamizana guilty on both counts. The district court sentenced Mr. Lamizana to life imprisonment at hard labor without the benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence, on each conviction.
Mr. Lamizana appealed his convictions and sentences, raising five assignments of error. See State v. Lamizana, 16-1017 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/31/17), 222 So.3d 58. In Mr. Lamizana's first appeal, this court pretermitted a discussion of four of the assignments of error in light of finding that Mr. Lamizana's second assignment had merit. Id. at p. 2, 222 So.3d at 60. Specifically, this court determined that the district court erred in denying Mr. Lamizana's motions for a mistrial and for a new trial based on its ruling excluding the testimony of Monique Hayes, an investigator with the Department of Children and Family Services, reasoning:
In his first appeal, Mr. Lamizana asserted the following assignments of error: 1) improper witnesses testified with respect to the credibility of the victims; 2) the district court, by preventing the Department of Children and Family Services investigator, Monique Hayes, to offer testimony at trial, violated Mr. Lamizana's constitutional right to present a defense and his right to confrontation by denying him impeachment evidence; 3) the State's closing argument diverted the jury's attention from the lack of reliability in the victims' statements and attacked the integrity and presentation of defense counsel; 4) the evidence was insufficient to support Mr. Lamizana's convictions; and 5) the imposed mandatory life sentence was excessive.
Ms. Hayes did not testify and the DCFS records relating to her interview are not part of the appellate record. ... [As such,] we cannot discern whether the testimony of Ms. Hayes or the records relating to her interview would undermine the credibility of the victims' testimony and, if so, the extent to which the absence of Ms. Hayes' testimony or records relating to her interview contributed to the verdict. Nonetheless, the trial court's failure to comply with La. Rev.Stat. 46:56(H)(2) and, thereby, ascertain whether the testimony of Ms. Hayes was material---and thus preserve the record for our review---undermines our confidence in the verdict. Id. at pp. 7-8, 222 So.3d at 63.
This court vacated Mr. Lamizana's convictions and sentences and remanded the matter to the district court for further proceedings. Id. The Louisiana Supreme Court granted writs and reversed this court's decision. State v. Lamizana, 17-1490, (La. 1/30/19), 263 So.3d 872 (per curiam). The Supreme Court agreed that the record was inadequate to make a determination as to whether Ms. Hayes was improperly excluded as a trial witness. But, rather than vacate Mr. Lamizana's convictions and sentences, the Supreme Court remanded the matter to the district court to conduct an evidentiary hearing at which Ms. Hayes could testify. Id. at p. 2, 263 So.3d at 872-73. On February 20, 2020, the district court conducted an evidentiary hearing at which Monique Hayes testified.
Mr. Lamizana timely appeals his convictions and sentences.
DISCUSSION
In this appeal, Mr. Lamizana assigns the same five errors he raised in his first appeal. And for the first time, Mr. Lamizana assigns error to the absence of unanimous jury verdicts in the record. Because Mr. Lamizana assigns as error the sufficiency of the evidence, we first address this assignment. Moreover, because we find merit in Mr. Lamizana's assignment of error regarding the unanimity of the jury verdicts, we pretermit discussion of his remaining assignments of error.
See State v. Hearold, 603 So.2d 731, 734 (La. 1992) (observing that "[w]hen issues are raised on appeal both as to the sufficiency of the evidence and as to one or more trial errors, the reviewing court should first determine the sufficiency of the evidence"). As the Louisiana Supreme Court has explained, "[t]he reason for reviewing sufficiency first is that the accused may be entitled to an acquittal under Hudson v. Louisiana, 450 U.S. 40, 101 S.Ct. 970, 67 L.Ed.2d 30 (1981). Such an acquittal would necessarily prevent any retrial. See State v. Gaines, 96-1850, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/29/97), 688 So.2d 679, 682 (observing that "[a]lthough [the defendant's] conviction must be reversed on other grounds, the issue of sufficiency of evidence must be addressed" because "if there was insufficient evidence even in the face of an error so prejudicial as to warrant a new trial, then there can be no new trial"). Thus, the Supreme Court has held that an appellate court's failure to address the sufficiency of the evidence, when raised, is error. See State v. Morris, 615 So.2d 327, 328 (La. 1993) (observing that "the court of appeal erred in pretermitting relator's contention that the evidence was insufficient to prove the validity of [his] earlier convictions, which [were] an essential element of the charged crime").
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
The Supreme Court has set forth the following standard of review of the sufficiency of the evidence:
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, Louisiana appellate courts are controlled by the standard enunciated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Under this standard, the appellate court "must determine that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to convince a rational trier of fact that all of the elements of the crime had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Neal, 00-0674, (La. 6/29/01) 796 So.2d 649, 657 (citing State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676, 678 (La. 1984)).
State v. Brown, 03-0897, p. 22 (La. 4/12/05), 907 So.2d 1, 18. In cases involving sexual offenses, "the testimony of the victim alone may be sufficient to establish the elements of a sexual offense, even where the State does not introduce medical, scientific, or physical evidence to prove the commission of the offense." State v. Barbain, 15-0404, p. 10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/4/15), 179 So.3d 770, 778 (citing State v. Reel, 10-1737, p. 8 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/3/12), 126 So.3d 506); see also State v. Williams, 49,249, p. 7 (La.App. 2 Cir. 10/1/14), 149 So.3d 462, 468 (observing that "[t]he testimony of a sexual assault victim alone is sufficient to convict a defendant").
At all times relevant to this case, aggravated rape was defined, in relevant part, as "a rape . . . where the anal, oral, or vaginal sexual intercourse is deemed to be without lawful consent of the victim because it is committed . . . [w]hen the victim is under the age of thirteen years." La. R.S. 14:42(A)(4). At all times relevant to this case, rape was defined as "the act of anal, oral, or vaginal sexual intercourse with a male or female person committed without the person's lawful consent." La. R.S. 14:41(A). Moreover, "emission is not necessary, and any sexual penetration, when the rape involves vaginal or anal intercourse, however slight, is sufficient to complete the crime." La. R.S. 14:41(B). Any penetration, however slight, is sufficient. State v. Wallace, 13-0149, p. 10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/25/14), 143 So.3d 1275, 1281.
In his attack on the sufficiency of the evidence, Mr. Lamizana contends that the State failed to prove the essential element of penetration. Rather, Mr. Lamizana argues that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, proved only a touching of the victims' buttocks or anus with an unknown object-not penetration by Mr. Lamizana's penis. But, Mr. Lamizana's claim is directly contradicted by the victims' testimony. At trial, E.T. 1 testified as follows:
Q. And you said he touched you. How did he touch you?
A. Like my butt.
Q. And what part of his body did he use to touch you?
A. His private area.
Q. And was that his front privates or back private?
A. Front.
Q. And did his front privates go into your butt?
A. Yes.
Likewise, E.T. 2 testified unequivocally that Mr. Lamizana penetrated his anus with his "private area."
Mr. Lamizana further argues that if he had been permitted to call Monique Hayes to testify at trial, her testimony would have shown that the victims' statements and testimony were inconsistent and contradictory. Yet, at the February 20, 2020 evidentiary hearing, Ms. Hayes offered no testimony undermining the victims' testimony. Ms. Hayes testified that her report reflected that E.T. 1 "provided a clear and detailed history of penile anal penetration by her stepfather, Issa Lamizana." And Ms. Hayes never interviewed E.T. 2. Thus, her testimony could not have undermined his credibility.
As stated previously, "the testimony of the victim alone is sufficient to establish the elements of aggravated rape, even where the State does not introduce medical, scientific, or physical evidence to prove the commission of the offense by the defendant." Wallace, 2013-0149 at p. 8, 143 So.3d at 1279, quoting Lewis, 972854, p. 33, 736 So.2d 1004, 1923. In this case, the State presented evidence-the victims' testimony and prior statements-that Ms. Lamizana penetrated the anuses of the victims (both under the age of thirteen years old) with his penis. Ms. Hayes' testimony does not alter this conclusion. Accordingly, we find that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to establish that Mr. Lamizana committed aggravated rape of both victims.
II. The Unanimity of the Verdict
Mr. Lamizana also assigns as error the absence in the record of unanimous jury verdicts to establish his conviction, pursuant to Ramos v. Louisiana, ____U.S.____, 140 S.Ct. 1390, 206 L.Ed.2d 583 (2020) (holding that jury verdicts in state felony trials must be unanimous). Because Mr. Lamizana's case is pending on direct review, the Supreme Court's decision in Ramos applies here. See Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 2522, 159 L.Ed.2d 442 (2004) (observing that "[w]hen a decision of [the United States Supreme Court] results in a 'new rule,' that rule applies to all criminal cases still pending on direct review").
In this case, no evidence exists in the record as to the unanimity of the jury's verdicts. Specifically, the record does not reflect that the jurors were polled as to their verdicts. Further, in response to an order from this court, the district court stated that it had searched its record of this case and was unable to locate any juror polling slips or discover any additional information indicating the number of jurors voting to convict Mr. Lamizana.
The State argues that due to his failure to poll the jury, Mr. Lamizana lacks standing to contest the unanimity of the verdicts. But, a challenge to the unanimity of the verdict is an error patent under Louisiana law; and, as such, an objection to the jury's verdict, in the form of polling the jury, is not required. See State v. Monroe, 20-00335 (La. 6/3/20), 296 So.3d 1062.
Recent decisions from this court and the Supreme Court have addressed similar issues. See State v. Norman, 20-00109 (La. 7/2/20), 297 So.3d 738 (per curiam); State v. Robinson, 21-0254 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/18/22), ____So.3d, ____2022 WL 500113. In Norman, the district court polled the jury but ceased polling after the first ten jurors. 20-00109 at p. 1, 297 So.3d at 738-39. Because it could not determine whether the verdict was unanimous, the Supreme Court remanded the matter to the district court to conduct further proceedings to ascertain whether the verdict was unanimous. Id. Similarly, in Robinson, the record was devoid of jury polling slips or any other indication of the jury verdict's unanimity. 21-0254 at p. 33, 2022 WL 500113, *15. Thus, pursuant to Norman, this court remanded the matter to the district court to "clarify[] the record on the crucial issue of whether the jury's verdicts were unanimous." Id.
Likewise, in this case the record is insufficient to determine whether Mr. Lamizana was convicted by unanimous verdicts despite previous steps taken by this court to obtain this information. Accordingly, we find that a remand is necessary to clarify the record on the crucial issue of whether the jury's verdicts were unanimous. Given our decision to remand this matter for further proceedings, we pretermit discussion of Mr. Lamizana's remaining assignments of error.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, this matter is remanded to the district court with instructions to review the record and to conduct further proceedings to ascertain whether the jury's verdicts were unanimous. The district court shall provide a per curiam to this Court within ten days of ruling on the Ramos issue and stating the outcome of its review and proceedings.
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
SCJ
JENKINS, J., CONCURS AND ASSIGNS REASONS
I respectfully concur with the majority in remanding this matter to the district court with instructions to ascertain whether the jury's verdicts were unanimous. I write separately to state that, in the event the district court cannot ascertain the jury's verdicts from a review of the entire record or in a hearing to review this matter with trial counsel, I would further instruct the district court to consider recalling the jury to be polled on the record.
In addition, in light of the posture of this matter and the uncertainty of the jury's verdicts, I would pretermit discussion of the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the convictions.
JCL
LOBRANO, J., CONCURS IN THE RESULT.
LOBRANO, J., CONCURS IN THE RESULT
ON REMAND
Rosemary Ledet, Judge.
RML
SCJ
This is the third appeal in this criminal case by Defendant-Issa Lamizana.Mr. Lamizana was convicted in January 2016 of two counts of aggravated rape. La. R.S. 14:42. The victims were his two stepchildren-E.T.1 (step-daughter) and E.T.2 (step-son). The district court sentenced Mr. Lamizana to two concurrent terms of life imprisonment without parole eligibility.
At the time of the offense, the name of the crime was "aggravated rape." La. R.S. 14:42 was amended by Acts 2015, Nos. 184 and 256, to change "aggravated rape" to "first degree rape." No substantive changes were made to La. R.S. 14:42(A)(4).
Pursuant to La. R.S. 46:1844(W), the juvenile victims are referred to only by their initials- E.T.1 and E.T.2; for consistency sake, we use the same initials as used in this Court's prior opinions in this matter.
In Mr. Lamizana's first appeal, this Court reversed the convictions and sentences, and remanded for a new trial. We did so based on our finding that the district court erred in quashing the subpoena of a Department of Children and Family Services ("DCFS") investigator-Monique Hayes-and in refusing to allow the defense to call Ms. Hayes as a witness at trial. State v. Lamizana, 161017 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/31/17), 222 So.3d 58 ("Lamizana One"). But, the Louisiana Supreme Court reversed and remanded to the district court to conduct an evidentiary hearing at which Ms. Hayes could be called to testify and the parties could present additional evidence pertinent to the district court's ruling. State v. Lamizana, 17-1490, p. 2 (La. 1/30/19), 263 So.3d 872, 873. The Supreme Court reserved all appeal rights, instructing that "[a]fter the district court conducts the evidentiary hearing, defendant can again appeal his convictions and sentences." Id.
Ms. Hayes was the first person to interview one of the victims, E.T.1, and her mother, who was the first reporter.
Thereafter, three events occurred. First, an evidentiary hearing was held on remand, in February 2020, to take Ms. Hayes' testimony. At that hearing, Ms. Hayes testified and two DCFS reports were introduced-a seven-page report and a thirteen-page report. Although the seven-page report was introduced at trial, the thirteen-page report was not.
Second, two months later, in April 2020, the United States Supreme Court decided in Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. 83, 140 S.Ct. 1390, 206 L.Ed.2d 583 (2020), that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, as incorporated against the States by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, requires a unanimous verdict to convict a defendant of a serious offense.
Third, the following year, in November 2021, the district court issued its ruling regarding the outcome of the evidentiary hearing at which Ms. Hayes testified and the DCFS reports were introduced. The district court's ruling was simply that "[t]o the extent that any ruling remains outstanding with respect to this matter, the [c]ourt hereby accepts the testimony of Ms. Hayes as well as the reports generated by Ms. Hayes into evidence in accord with the Order of the Supreme Court of Louisiana."
Following those three events, Mr. Lamizana filed a second appeal, assigning six errors. In State v. Lamizana, 21-0254 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/18/22), 336 So.3d 567 ("Lamizana Two"), this Court addressed two of Mr. Lamizana's six errors- sufficiency of the evidence and a newly-raised Ramos issue-but pretermitted the other four. This Court found the evidence sufficient and, thus, found the sufficiency error lacked merit. On the Ramos issue, this Court remanded to the district court with instructions to review the record and to conduct further proceedings to ascertain whether the verdicts convicting Mr. Lamizana of two serious offenses-two counts of aggravated rape-were not unanimous. This Court further instructed the district court to provide a per curiam stating the outcome of its review and proceedings. Lamizana Two, 21-0254, p. 33, 336 So.3d at 587.
Mr. Lamizana assigned as error the following six errors:
1. Unqualified witnesses testified with respect to the credibility of the victims.
2. Excluding the testimony of Monique Hayes, the Department of Children and Family Services ("DCFS") investigator, violated the defendant's constitutional right to present a defense and his right to confrontation by denying him impeachment evidence. Its exclusion was not harmless.
3. The State's closing argument was improper; it diverted the jury's attention from the lack of reliability in the victims' statements and improperly attacked the integrity and presentation of defense counsel.
4. Evidence was insufficient to support the defendant's convictions.
5. The record fails to show unanimous verdicts that satisfy due process-the Ramos issue.
6. The imposed mandatory life sentences were excessive.
On remand, the district court held several evidentiary hearings. Following those hearings, the district court provided a per curiam, in December 2023, stating the following regarding the issue of whether the jury verdict was unanimous on both counts:
In May 2023, the district court ruled that it was the defendant's-Mr. Lamizana's-burden to produce evidence that the verdict was not unanimous. In July 2023, the district court denied Mr. Lamizana's Motion for New Trial and found that the court had no additional evidence to demonstrate the verdict was not unanimous. Nonetheless, but the district court set another hearing to allow the parties to produce additional evidence. Thereafter, on September 20, 2023, the defense introduced a sworn affidavit from Mr. Lamizana's second-chair trial attorney- Mariah Holder-as evidence that the verdict was not unanimous. One week later, the district court held an evidentiary hearing at which the defense presented Ms. Holder's testimony, expanding on her previously filed affidavit.
While this matter was on a limited remand by this Court for the district court for it to clarify the Ramos issue, Mr. Lamizana raised a new issue-a Brady issue. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83. 83 S.Ct. 1194; 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963); see also Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972). The Brady issue related to the thirteen-page DCFS report that was first introduced at the evidentiary hearing to allow Ms. Hayes' testimony to be taken. In its per curiam, the district court addressed and rejected the Brady issue. The district court observed that "after an in-camera review of the DCFS report which the defendant alleges was precluded to his detriment, this court found nothing in the report which was either material or exculpatory to the defendant. Therefore, the defendant's request for a new trial is denied." On appeal, we decline to address the Brady issue because it was beyond the scope of this Court's limited remand order. See State ex rel. D.A., 09-228 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/13/09) (unpub.), 2009 WL 1353533, *4 (observing that "D.A. cannot be allowed to now raise claims beyond the scope of this court's remand orders"). Regardless, as discussed elsewhere in this opinion, we find nothing in Ms. Hayes' testimony or the two DCFS reports that were introduced at the evidentiary hearing on remand warrants granting Mr. Lamizana a new trial.
This court has uncovered no evidence of either a unanimous or nonunanimous jury verdict in the case file or transcripts which it has on record. Therefore, given that this is a post-conviction matter, the burden of producing such evidence lies with the defendant.
Over the course of the evidentiary hearings held on the above matters, the court heard testimony from the second chair defense attorney, Ms. Mariah Holder, which revealed that she had second hand knowledge that the jury returned a non-unanimous verdict; however, this court has not heard from any of the jurors themselves, nor has it seen any of the jury polling slips upon which Ms. Holder's recollection is based. Given the lack of direct evidence regarding juror unanimity, this court is unwilling to reopen the defendant's case under the current circumstances.
This third appeal followed. For the following reasons, we affirm Mr. Lamizana's convictions and sentences.
FACTS, PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND, AND DISCUSSION
A complete statement of facts was set forth in this Court's previous opinions-Lamizana One and Lamizana Two-and will not be repeated here. Simply stated, a jury convicted Mr. Lamizana of two counts of aggravated rape. The victims were Mr. Lamizana's two step-children-E.T.1 and E.T.2. The district court sentenced Mr. Lamizana to two concurrent terms of life imprisonment.
In this third appeal, only five issues remain before this Court:(i) a Ramos issue-non-unanimous jury verdict; (ii) a right to a defense issue-exclusion of Ms. Hayes' testimony at trial; (iii) an evidentiary issue-improper witnesses as to victims' credibility; (iv) an improper closing argument issue; and (v) an excessive sentence issue. We separately address each issue.
As noted elsewhere in this opinion, Mr. Lamizana assigns six errors on appeal. In Lamizana Two, this Court addressed, and rejected, Mr. Lamizana's fourth assigned error that the evidence was insufficient. We decline to revisit that issue. We address the four issues pretermitted in Lamizana Two and the Ramos issue.
Ramos issue
The criteria for Ramos to apply are present here. Mr. Lamizana's case was pending on direct review when Ramos was decided; and he was convicted of two serious, felony offenses. Hence, if the jury verdict on either count was not unanimous, Mr. Lamizana is entitled to a new trial.
Although Mr. Lamizana's trial attorneys failed to request the jury be polled, Mr. Lamizana did not waive the Ramos issue.The jurisprudence has held that "a challenge to the unanimity of the verdict is an error patent under Louisiana law; and, as such, an objection to the jury's verdict, in the form of polling the jury, is not required." Lamizana Two, 21-0409, p. 7, 366 So.3d at 421 (citing State v. Monroe, 20-00335 (La. 6/3/20), 296 So.3d 1062); see also State v. Wilson, 2000128, p. 1 (La. 6/3/20), 296 So.3d 1045, 1046.
The trial transcript reflects that defense counsel failed to request that the jury be polled. In his supplemental brief, Mr. Lamizana contends that Ms. Holder's reference in her testimony to Mr. Roche seeing the "jury slips" establishes that the jury in this case was polled. This contention lacks merit. As we found in Lamizana Two, the jury was not polled.
Moreover, Mr. Lamizana, before trial, filed a motion to declare former La. C.Cr.P. art. 782(A) and La. Const. Art. 1, § 17 unconstitutional to the extent those provisions allowed for non-unanimous jury verdicts in this non-capital felony case. The district court denied the motion. Mr. Lamizana points out in his supplemental brief that "[t]he jury was instructed that only ten votes were required to convict." Even assuming this was the case, the Louisiana Supreme Court has held that "[t]he erroneous jury instruction alone does not constitute a structural error and defendant must show he suffered harm from it before the conviction will be reversed." State v. Hicks, 23-00969, p. 1 (La. 2/6/24), 378 So.3d 743, 744. There, the Supreme Court reversed the court of appeal's decision, which granted Ramos relief and remanded for a new trial; reinstated the jury's verdict and remanded to the district court to conduct further proceedings to ascertain whether the verdict was not unanimous. Id.
While the appeal in Lamizana Two was pending, this Court issued an order to the district court to search its records. The district court responded that "it had searched its record of this case and was unable to locate any juror polling slips or discover any additional information indicating the number of jurors voting to convict Mr. Lamizana." Lamizana Two, 21-0409, p. 7, 366 So.3d at 421. Given the record was devoid of jury polling slips or any other indication of whether the jury verdict was unanimous, this Court remanded this matter to the district court with instructions that it "clarify the record on the crucial issue of whether the jury's verdicts were unanimous." Lamizana Two, 21-0409, p. 8, 366 So.3d at 421 (citing State v. Norman, 20-00109 (La. 7/2/20), 297 So.3d 738; and State v. Robinson, 210254 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/18/22), 336 So.3d 567 ("Robinson"), writ denied, 2300661 (La. 12/19/23), 374 So.3d 982, cert. denied, __ U.S. __ (6/3/24)).
Because the Ramos issue presented here is similar to the Ramos issue presented in Robinson, this Court stayed this appeal on remand pending the United States Supreme Court's decision on Mr. Robinson's petition for certiorari, which was denied on June 3, 2024.
The district court's ruling on the Ramos issue, set forth in its per curiam quoted elsewhere in this opinion, has two parts: (i) classification of this as a postconviction matter on which the defendant, Mr. Lamizana, has the burden of proof; and (ii) determination that the lack of direct evidence regarding jury unanimity requires that Mr. Lamizana's motion for new trial be denied. We separately address each part.
Burden of Proof
In a criminal case, only two levels of review exists-direct review and collateral (post-conviction) review.The relevance of this classification is that, in a collateral review proceeding, the defendant has the burden of proof by statute. See La. C.Cr.P. Art. 930.2 (providing that "[t]he petitioner in an application for post conviction relief shall have the burden of proving that relief should be granted"). Contrary to the district court's characterization, this case is not a postconviction proceeding. This Court in remanding for clarification in the Ramos issue neither affirmed nor reversed Mr. Lamizana's convictions. This case remains on direct review.
As Justice Crichton recently explained:
The Code of Criminal Procedure presents two options for the review of a criminal conviction: direct appeal, pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 911, et seq., and collateral review, i.e., post-conviction proceedings, pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 924, et seq. Our legislature has pronounced no other options; the Code offers no middle ground in which a case could languish.State v. Vaughn, 22-00214, p. 1 (La. 5/5/23), 362 So.3d 363, 367 (Crichton, J., dissenting), reh'g denied, 22-00214 (La. 6/27/23), 365 So.3d 515, and cert. denied, __ U.S __, 144 S.Ct. 554, 217 L.Ed.2d 295 (2024).
The procedural posture of this case-direct review with a remand for clarification of a Ramos issue-is the same as in Robinson; indeed, this Court in Lamizana Two expressly adopted the approach we followed in Robinson and remanded for clarification of the record on the issue of jury unanimity. Following the remand in Robinson, this Court concluded-albeit implicitly-that the burden of proof was on the defendant to establish the jury verdict was not unanimous. We observed that when, as here, it cannot be determined affirmatively if the jury verdict was unanimous, the defendant is not entitled to Ramos relief.
Highlighting the fact that we resolved the inability to establish if the jury was unanimous against the defendant, the dissenting judge in Robinson pointed out that "[t]his is a case of first impression in this Court where the unanimity of the jurors cannot be determined upon remand to the district court" and observed this would impact "future Ramos appellants when the record is similarly unclear." Robinson, 21-0254, p. 12, 382 So.3d at 208 (Atkins, J., Concurs in Part and Dissents in Part). The impact of an unclear record, by nature, turns on the placement of the burden of proof. The majority in Robinson, albeit implicitly, placed the burden on the defendant. When a defendant cannot meet the burden of proving the jury verdict was non-unanimous, the defendant's Ramos claim cannot succeed. In so finding, this majority in Robinson observed as follows:
Here, nothing in the record exists to affirmatively indicate that the verdicts convicting Defendant were anything but unanimous. The district court asked the jury foreperson if there were at least ten jurors in agreement, and the response was affirmative. No other evidence in the record, transcripts, or clerk's office shows that the jury's decision was less than unanimous. Unlike [State v.]Fortune, [19-0868 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/18/20), 310 So.3d 604,] the record does not contain representations by trial counsel or confirmation by the presiding district judge that the jury was not unanimous.Robinson, 21-0254, p. 8, 382 So.3d at 205. Accordingly, this Court in Robinson denied the defendant's Ramos claim for a new trial.
Placing the burden of proof on the defendant in this context is buttressed by both a statutory presumption and general rule. The presumption is that judicial proceedings are regular. See La. R.S. 15:432 (providing that "[a] legal presumption relieves him in whose favor it exists from the necessity of any proof . . . such is the presumption attaching to the regularity of judicial proceedings . . ."). The general rule is that the party seeking relief bears the burden of proof. See La. R.S. 15:439 (providing that "[t]he burden of proof is upon him alleging the existence of a fact").
There is no authority, in the absence of polling, to assume that a jury's verdict was not unanimous. Given Mr. Lamizana is the party seeking Ramos relief, he bears the burden of proving the fact that the jury verdict on both counts was not unanimous. Accordingly, the district court's placement of the burden of proof on the defendant, Mr. Lamizana, is correct.
The placement of the burden on the defendant on direct review to establish the jury verdict was not unanimous is buttressed by Justice Griffin's observations in her dissent in State v. Reddick, 21-01893, p. 1, n.1 (La. 10/21/22), 351 So.3d 273, 293; and her concurrence in Cade v. State, 21-00660, p. 1 (La. 10/19/21), 326 So.3d 229. Dissenting in Reddick, she observed that "mere allegations by a defendant that they were convicted by a non-unanimous verdict are insufficient to warrant relief." State v. Reddick, 21-01893, p. 1, n.1 (La. 10/21/22), 351 So.3d 273, 293. Concurring in Cade, Justice Griffin observed that "practical realities dictate that not every defendant purportedly convicted by a non-unanimous jury would benefit [from the Ramos decision]." She stressed that the major obstacle defendants face is proof; she observed that "[d]efendants still generally bear the burden to show they have been convicted by a non-unanimous jury." Cade v. State, 21-00660, p. 1 (La. 10/19/21), 326 So.3d 229.
Lack of Direct Evidence
The jurisprudence has required direct evidence of a non-unanimous jury verdict to establish a Ramos violation. Jury polling slips "are the best evidence of the jury votes." State v. Jones, 18-0973, p. 3 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/3/21), 314 So.3d 20, 22; see also Cade, 21-00660, p. 1, 326 So.3d 229 (J. Griffin, concurring) (observing that "this is primarily done with jury polling forms"). Other forms of evidence have been found to suffice. See Fortune, 19-0868, p. 2, 310 So.3d at 604.
Here, Mr. Lamizana failed to present any direct evidence that the jury verdict on either count was not unanimous. The sole evidence Mr. Lamizana produced was testimony from his second-chair trial attorney-Ms. Holder-at the hearing and in an affidavit. But, Ms. Holder's testimony reflected that she lacked any first-hand knowledge of the jury's vote. Ms. Holder's affidavit states, in pertinent part, as follows:
• I was "second chair" attorney on Mr. Lamizana's case when it went to trial in January 12, 2016.
• There are many reasons I remember this case, including that it was one of my first cases as second chair where a client faced a life without parole sentence.
• It is my recollection that the jury reached a non-unanimous verdict in this case. I recall that I was disappointed in the verdict and it is my recollection that I found some solace that the verdict was not unanimous.
Elaborating on her affidavit, Ms. Holder testified as follows:
And I remember Ashley Spears was trying the case with Iain Dover for the State. It was myself and Mr. Roche. And Mr. Roche and Mr. Dover approached the bench to look over the jury slips, which was something that I was previously unfamiliar with. Myself, I stayed at the defense table with Mr. Lamizana. My recollection is that Ashley Spears also stayed at the State table, and that it was Mr. Dover and Mr. Roche who approached.
When Mr. Roche returned to the defense table, he confirmed that it was-that they were valid guilty verdicts as to both counts, but that we could take some consolation in the fact that it was nonunanimous.
Ms. Holder never saw any jury polling form or jury slips. Her affidavit and testimony both were based solely on a statement by the first-chair trial attorney- Leon Roche-who was not presented as a witness. Moreover, at the evidentiary hearing, the district judge suggested to defense counsel that Mr. Roche's testimony would be helpful in resolving this issue. Despite the district court's suggestion, defense counsel submitted without providing Mr. Roche's testimony. The district court thus found, based on the lack of direct evidence that the jury was not unanimous, that Mr. Lamizana was not entitled to a new trial. We agree. This assignment of error is unpersuasive.
Mr. Lamizana contends that Ms. Holder's reference to Mr. Roche seeing the jury slips establishes that the jury in this case was polled is misplaced. The trial transcript reflects that defense counsel failed to request that the jury be polled.
According to the State's memorandum filed in district court, the first chair defense attorney, Leon Roche, was reached by phone in October 2023, and indicated that his recollection was "generally consistent with Ms. Holder's testimony." There was no transcript provided of the telephone statement; it is not clear whether it was on the record. The State's memo further states that the prosecutor "has inspected the DA file and been unable to find any juror names (other than a juror who was excused midtrial, and thus not part of the verdict)."
Right to Defense Issue
Both the United States and Louisiana constitution-U.S. Const. Amendments XI and XIV and La. Const. art. 1 §16-guarantee criminal defendants the right to present a defense, including the right to compel witnesses in their favor. See State v. Griffin, 15-0125, p. 23 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/16/15), 176 So.2d 561, 575. A defendant must be allowed to present reliable evidence on relevant matters. Id. But, a trial court's ruling infringing on the confrontation right is subject to harmless error analysis. State v. Allen, 12-1118, p. 28 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/20/13), 129 So.3d 724, 740.
Mr. Lamizana contends that the district court's refusal to allow the DCFS investigator- Ms. Hayes-to testify at trial constituted a violation of his right to present a defense. Mr. Lamizana raised this same claim in his first appeal, arguing that the district court erred in denying his motions for mistrial and for a new trial based upon the exclusion of Ms. Hayes as a witness. At that time, because the testimony that Ms. Hayes would have offered at trial was unknown, this Court granted relief, observing that "we cannot discern whether the testimony of Ms. Hayes or the records relating to her interview would undermine the credibility of the victims' testimony and, if so, the extent to which the absence of Ms. Hayes' testimony or records relating to her interview contributed to the verdict." Lamizana One, 16-1017, pp. 7-8, 222 So.3d at 63. The Louisiana Supreme Court agreed that the record was insufficient in that a determination as to whether Ms. Hayes' testimony was improperly excluded and that the effect of its exclusion on the verdicts could not be made. Lamizana, 17-1490, p. 2, 263 So.3d at 872. But, rather than extending Mr. Lamizana substantive relief, the Supreme Court remanded the matter to the district court to conduct an evidentiary hearing at which Ms. Hayes could testify and a determination could be made as to whether said testimony undermined the credibility of the victims' testimony and, if so, the extent to which the absence of said testimony contributed to the guilty verdicts.
In November 2021, the district court issued its ruling, but it failed to address whether Ms. Hayes' testimony undermined the victims' credibility and, if so, the extent to which the absence of Ms. Hayes' testimony contributed to the guilty verdict on both counts. Instead, the district court merely acknowledged that it had heard and accepted Ms. Hayes' testimony, along with the two DCFS reports.
A review of Ms. Hayes' February 2020 testimony and the DCFS reports reflects that Ms. Hayes, had she offered said testimony at trial, would not have undermined the credibility of the victims' testimony. First, Ms. Hayes did not interview E.T.2; hence, her (excluded) testimony would have been irrelevant with respect to E.T.2's credibility. Second, Ms. Hayes' testimony cast no aspersions on E.T.1's credibility.
A review of Ms. Hayes' testimony reflects that the vast majority of defense counsel's questioning related to Ms. Hayes' interview with Ms. Thomas, not E.T.1. Ms. Hayes testified that she had no first-hand knowledge of E.T-1 speaking to Ms. Thomas or what E.T.1's conversation with Detective Pruitt was before she was interviewed at the Child Advocacy Center. Thus, Ms. Hayes had no information about whether E.T.1's testimony was tainted by either Ms. Thomas or Detective Pruitt. Further, contrary to defense counsel's suggestion, Ms. Hayes testified that, to her knowledge, Ms. Thomas did not coach E.T.1 regarding what to say with respect to the abuse she suffered from Mr. Lamizana. Ms. Hayes confirmed that Ms. Thomas was not present when she interviewed E.T.1 and, as such, could not have coerced E.T.1 regarding what to tell Ms. Hayes. Ms. Hayes concluded by stating that her report reflected that E.T.1 "provided a clear and detailed history of penile anal penetration by her stepfather, [Mr.] Lamizana."
In his brief, Mr. Lamizana sets forth a list, which was provided by defense counsel following the February 2020 evidentiary hearing, of multiple ways defense counsel allegedly would have used Ms. Hayes' testimony had defense counsel been allowed to offer it at trial. Again, most of defense counsel's questioning of Ms. Hayes at the evidentiary hearing concerned her interactions with Ms. Thomas, not E.T.1. Likewise, several of the ways defense counsel would have used Hayes' testimony concerned attacking the credibility of Ms. Thomas, not the victims. Indeed, Ms. Hayes' testimony could not have been used to attack E.T.2's credibility given that Ms. Hayes never interviewed E.T.2. The basis of this Court's decision in Lamizana One that the absence of Ms. Hayes' testimony undermined confidence in the verdict was that we were unable to evaluate whether Ms. Hayes' testimony would undermine the credibility of the victims' testimony, not the victims' mother's (Ms. Thomas') testimony. But, Ms. Hayes' testimony did not undermine the credibility of the victims' testimony.
This list specified that Hayes' testimony would have been used as follows:
• [T]o show that CAC protocol to prevent suggestion and influence from occurring were not followed in this case. [Ms.] Hayes testified that Ms. Thomas, Detective Pruitt and herself all spoke to [E.T.1] before the forensic interview. Counsel would have argued to the jury that the probability of suggestion or tainting the video statements was high because of the improper investigations conducted by both Mrs. Hayes and NOPD.
• [T]o show the DCFS and NOPD investigations were inadequate to make any conclusions as to the credibility of Ms. Thomas or the children as they had not considered any of the information provided by Mr. Lamizana, the influence of demise of the relationship, the evidence of physical abuse of the children by Ms. Thomas, and the coincidence of the allegations being made just as the custody proceedings were beginning. The investigations do not show an intent to find the truth.
• [T]o emphasize that [E.T.2] initially denied any allegations and five months later DCFS did not investigate the allegations he made when he was being physically disciplined by Ms. Thomas; moreover, counsel would have argued that [E.T.2] learned from [E.T.1] that the way to get on his mother's good side and avoid more physical abuse was to invent an allegation against Mr. Lamizana.
• To impeach Ms. Thomas with inconsistent statements she made about her mental health and about the discipline of her children, as both of these issues effected her bias and influence on the children; using Mrs. Hayes' testimony to show that Ms. Thomas was not truthful about these issues would have hurt Ms. Thomas's credibility_as to other issues.
• [T]o confirm the existence of Ms. Thomas's mental illness and support the theory of the defense that the break of the relationship exacerbated her illness and provoked her intimidation, abuse and influence on the children.
• [T]o show Ms. Thomas knew to claim correct discipline methods when speaking to DCFS in contrast with other evidence about beating the children and to show Ms. Thomas's ability to influence, manipulate, and intimidate the children. Counsel would have argued to the jury, that Ms. Thomas was not telling the truth to [Ms.] Hayes but rather picked information to get [Ms.] Hayes to substantiate false claims of sexual assault against Mr. Lamizana.
• To show that DCFS produced several versions of records, such that none is complete, accurate or correct as [Ms.] Hayes could not identify the 2019 version, making the implementation of La. R.S. 46:56H impossible. The inconsistencies in statements were exculpatory evidence that should have been produced before trial.
• [T]o show inconsistencies in Ms. Thomas's testimony about calling police, [E.T2's] testimony about bed wetting, and how [E.T.2] came to make a statement.
• [T]o show the confusion and mistakes as to Mr. Lamizana's whereabouts during her investigation; [Ms.] Hayes provided Mr. Lamizana's statement to the district attorney but no investigation was done as to his claims about Ms. Thomas.
• [Lastly,] to show inconsistencies with Detective Pruitt's testimony about what was reported to her and her conclusions about the family.
In support of his claim that the absence of Ms. Hayes' testimony at trial adversely affected the proceedings, Mr. Lamizana cites State v. Fernandez, 513 So.2d 1185 (La. 1987). There, the Louisiana Supreme Court reversed the defendant's conviction and ordered a new trial because the defense was prevented from using evidence of the defendant's acrimonious relationship with his girlfriend-the victim's mother. The evidence included a heated argument that took place shortly before the victim made her allegations against the defendant. Mr. Lamizana's reliance on the Fernandez case is misplaced. Unlike the circumstances presented in the Fernandez case, here, the jury was made aware that Ms. Thomas-the victims' mother-and Mr. Lamizana had an acrimonious relationship. Ms. Thomas described her relationship with Mr. Lamizana as horrible. Similarly, Mr. Lamizana testified that the couple did not get along. Mr. Lamizana admitted to slapping Ms. Thomas in the past and that Ms. Thomas, in turn, had not only slapped him, but also sprayed him with mace.
Mr. Lamizana also relies upon State v. Martin, 519 So.2d 87 (La. 1988) and State v. Young, 20-01041 (La. 05/13/21), 320 So.3d 356. In those two cases, the Louisiana Supreme Court set aside convictions finding the district court erred by preventing the defense from presenting evidence of tattoos that was held to be material given the victims' identifications included (or excluded) a certain type of tattoo. Those cases are distinguishable from this one. In those cases, the evidence was material because it refuted the victims' credibility-the victims' identifications. Here, Ms. Hayes' testimony did not refute the victims' credibility.
Finally, Mr. Lamizana relies upon State v. Bairnsfather, 591 So.2d 686 (La. 1991), another case where the conviction was reversed because evidence impeaching the victim's credibility was not allowed. There, the defense was not allowed to offer impeachment evidence regarding the nine-year-old victim's alleged "bad reputation for truth and veracity" and "by proving her prior inconsistent statements." Bairnsfather, 591 So.2d at 686. The Bairnsfather case is distinguishable from this case; here, Ms. Hayes' excluded testimony did not impinge upon the victims' credibility.
Thus, contrary to Mr. Lamizana's contentions, Ms. Hayes' testimony would not have aided his defense; she provided no evidence to bolster Mr. Lamizana's contention that E.T.1 was fabricating the claims against him in an effort to gain favor with her mother, Ms. Thomas. Accordingly, the district court's alleged error in precluding Ms. Hayes from testifying at trial was harmless. The instant claim for relief is unpersuasive.
Improper Witnesses as to Credibility
Mr. Lamizana contends that various State witnesses testified conclusively about the victims' credibility and that the State failed to qualify some of these witnesses as experts. The four State witnesses that Mr. Lamizana cites are:
s (i) David Dooley-who was the forensic interviewer who interviewed E.T.1 at the Child Advocacy Center;
(ii) Detective Tyra Pruitt-who was the lead investigator in this case for the New Orleans Police Department's ("NOPD's) Special Victims Section, Child Abuse Unit;
(iii) Dr. Ellie Wetsman-who was stipulated to be an expert in the field of pediatric child sexual abuse and who examined E.T.1 in May 2012; and
(iv) Dr. Jamie Jackson-who was stipulated to be an expert in the field of child abuse pediatrics and who examined and interviewed E.T.2 in October 2012 and wrote a forensic report.
The governing statutory provisions-La. C.Cr.P. art. 841(A) and La. C.E. art. 103(A)-require contemporaneous objections be lodged to trial errors to preserve the issues for appellate review. State v. Seals, 95-0305, p. 5 (La. 11/25/95), 684 So.2d 368, 373. The defendant must also "make known the grounds for his objection" to the district court. State v. Brooks, 98-0693, p. 9 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/25/00), 758 So.2d 814, 819. Here, for the most part-the exception being a question posed to Dr. Jackson about whether she had a gut feeling if E.T.2 was lying-Mr. Lamizana's attorneys failed to make contemporaneous objections to the testimony that he now challenges on appeal.
La. C.Cr.P. art. 841 provides, in pertinent part, as follow:
A. An irregularity or error cannot be availed of after verdict unless it was objected to at the time of occurrence. A bill of exceptions to rulings or orders is unnecessary. It is sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the court to take, or of his objections to the action of the court, and the grounds therefor.
C. The necessity for and specificity of evidentiary objections are governed by the Louisiana Code of Evidence.
La. C.E. art. 103(A) provides, in pertinent part, that "[e]rror may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected." Further, this article provides that "[w]hen the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to admonish the jury to limit or disregard appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection." La. C.E. art. 103(A)(1).
The record reveals no objection to Mr. Dooley's testimony regarding questioning techniques. Likewise, no objection was made to Detective Pruitt's testimony that she believed E.T.1 because her story remained consistent. Moreover, no objection was lodged to Dr. Wetsman's testimony that her physical examination was consistent with E.T.1's story. Nor does the record reflect any objection to Dr. Jackson's testimony that her physical examination of E.T.2 was consistent with E.T.2's story.
As noted, Mr. Lamizana does cite an objection to a question posed to Dr. Jackson about whether she had a gut feeling as to whether E.T.2 was lying. But, Dr. Jackson gave no opinion, stating that she could not judge the veracity of E.T.2's story. Thus, even if the district court erred by overruling that objection, no prejudice resulted. Mr. Lamizana's other generalized complaints about these four State witnesses' testimony have not been preserved for review on appeal. We, thus, decline to address them.
Improper Closing Argument
Mr. Lamizana claims he was denied a fair trial by virtue of the State's improper closing arguments. According to Mr. Lamizana, the State's closing argument, during which the prosecutor made false allegations against defense counsel, diverted attention from the weakness of the State's case, which was based solely on the victims' credibility.
A review of the trial transcript reflects that the defense counsel lodged six objections to the State's rebuttal in closing arguments, all of which the district court overruled. First, defense counsel objected to the prosecution's statement that the district attorney may only try cases in which the State possesses a good faith basis to prosecute. Second, when the prosecutor stated that defense counsel "flipped through a stack of blank pages" during his closing arguments, defense counsel objected. Pursuant to his objection, defense counsel was able to refute this falsehood, stating that the "[p]ages were not blank. I had writing on all of them." Third, defense counsel asserted the prosecutor falsely claimed that the defense had decided not to introduce E.T.2's dental records, noting the prosecution's objection during trial to their introduction. Fourth, as to disputes about how old the victims were when the offenses took place, the prosecutor made reference to defense counsel's statement during voir dire. Defense counsel's statement was that he had been an attorney for about five or six years; he stated that he is "an adult and doesn't even know how long he's been a practicing attorney." Defense counsel objected, characterizing the remark as a personal attack against defense counsel. Fifth, when the prosecutor held up a prospective exhibit that was not introduced into evidence, defense counsel objected. Again, based on defense counsel's objection, the jury was aware the exhibit the prosecution was holding up was not introduced into evidence. Sixth, defense counsel objected to the prosecutor holding a document in the air during his rebuttal; the defense objected, specifically stating: "I'm just going to object to the demonstrative." Again, all six objections were overruled.
The governing statutory provision is La. C.Cr.P. art. 774, which provides that "argument shall be confined to evidence admitted, to the lack of evidence, to conclusions of fact that the state or defendant may draw therefrom, and to the law applicable to the case." This article also provides that "[t]he argument shall not appeal to prejudice." Id. Finally, it provides that "[t]he State's rebuttal shall be confined to answering the argument of the defendant." Id. But, "Louisiana jurisprudence on prosecutorial misconduct allows prosecutors wide latitude in choosing closing argument tactics." State v. Dabney, 15-0001, p. 18 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/9/15), 176 So.3d 515, 526 (quoting State v. Legrand, 02-1462, p. 16 (La. 12/3/03), 864 So.2d 89, 101).
The jurisprudence has recognized that judges have broad discretion in controlling the scope of closing argument. Id. Even when a prosecutor exceeds the permissible bounds of argument codified in La. C.Cr.P. art 774, a conviction will not be reversed unless the reviewing court is completely convinced that the argument influenced the jury and contributed to the verdict. Legrand, 02-1462, p. 16, 864 So.2d at 101.
Any infringements of La. C.Cr.P. art. 774 found in the six objections was minimal and had little, if any, persuasive impact. Nothing in the record reflects that this Court should be completely convinced that these arguments influenced the jury and contributed to the verdicts. This assignment of error is unpersuasive. Excessive Sentences
Mr. Lamizana, before sentencing, filed a motion for a downward departure from the statutory minimum-the mandatory life sentence for rape. On the date of sentencing, the district court denied the motion. Mr. Lamizana contends that the sentence imposed on him for two counts of aggravated rape of two concurrent life sentences was excessive.
We note an error patent regarding sentencing. At the February 2016 hearing, the district court failed to abide by the twenty-four-hour sentencing delay mandated by La. C.Cr.P. art. 873. But, the sentence imposed for each count was mandatory, and it is well-established that the failure to observe the twenty-four-hour rule is harmless where the sentence imposed is mandatory. See State v. Pollard, 14-0445, p. 21 (La.App. 4 Cir. 4/15/15), 165 So.3d 289, 304 (observing that the failure to observe twenty-four hour delay is harmless when the sentence imposed is mandatory) (citing State v. Green, 10-1355, p. 12 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/22/11), 69 So.3d 695, 703; State v. Seals, 95-0305, p. 17 (La. 11/25/96), 684 So.2d 368, 380.) Accordingly, this error patent requires no relief. As discussed elsewhere in this opinion, a second error patent in this case was raised by Mr. Lamizana-the issue of whether the jury verdict on both counts was not unanimous (the Ramos issue).
Both the United States and Louisiana constitutions-U.S. Const. Amend. VIII, and La. Const. Art. I, §20-prohibit the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment. Additionally, La. Const. Art. I, §20 also prohibits excessive punishment. The excessive punishment prohibition is broader than the cruel and unusual punishment prohibition. State v. Barbain, 15-0404, p. 28 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/4/15), 179 So.3d 770, 787. Louisiana jurisprudence has repeatedly rejected the assertion that a mandatory life sentence for rape is excessive. Id., 15-0404, p. 31, 179 So.3d at 788. Mandatory minimum sentences are presumed constitutional. State v. Johnson, 97-1906, p. 7 (La. 3/4/98), 709 So.2d 672, 676. In order to rebut this presumption, a defendant must clearly and convincingly show that:
This Court, in Barbain, cited the following cases: State v. Stokes, 36,212, p. 15 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So.2d 631; State v. Williams, 10-265 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/9/10), 54 So.3d 98; State v. Layva-Martinez, 07-1255 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/30/08), 981 So.2d 276; State v. Chandler, 41,063 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/8/06), 939 So.2d 574; and State v. Barnes, 01-0113 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/7/01), 800 So.2d 1124.
"He is exceptional, which in this context means that because of unusual circumstances this defendant is a victim of the legislature's failure to assign sentences that are meaningfully tailored to the culpability of the offender, the gravity of the offense, and the circumstances of the case."Id., 97-1906, p. 8, 709 So.2d at 676 (quoting State v. Young, 94-1636, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/26/95), 663 So.2d 525, 528 (Plotkin, J., concurring)).
Here, Mr. Lamizana asserts that he has little criminal history; he is a hard worker; and he did not use weapons or force in committing the offenses. He further asserts that there was lack of injury, presumably to the victims. Even assuming these assertions are accurate, they fail to show that Mr. Lamizana's situation is exceptional, requiring a departure from the mandatory term prescribed by the sentencing statute. Accordingly, this assignment of error is unpersuasive.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant's convictions and sentences.
CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES AFFIRMED