Opinion
December, 1897.
Perry C. Reyburn, for plaintiff.
William C. Greene, for defendant Ransom.
Morris Smith, for defendant Cothran.
A.C. Harwick, for defendant A.O.U.W.
The defendant is a benefit association with a large membership, the chief aim of which is to provide a beneficiary fund in the nature of an insurance on the lives of its members. The local organizations are called subordinate lodges, and above those is the Grand Lodge, usually of state jurisdiction, and still superior to that is the Supreme Lodge, made up of duly elected representatives of the grand lodges.
In October, 1888, Charles O. Spencer became a member of Youngstown Lodge, No. 289, and upon his application a beneficiary certificate for $2,000 was issued by the Grand Lodge, payable to defendant Daniel D. Cothran, $200, and to A.E. Haskell, $1,800. In 1890, upon the application of said Spencer, this certificate was canceled and a new one issued, payable $400 to said Cothran, and $1,600 to defendant Ransom. Spencer continued to keep up the assessments on this certificate, and, at his death, in March of this year, he was in good standing in the order, and his certificate remained uncanceled and apparently operative. Spencer was unmarried, and the beneficiaries named in the certificate were not his relatives or dependents. The plaintiff is his mother and next of kin.
The certificate had a valid inception and infringed upon no rule or by-law of the order in force at that time, as the member had an unrestricted right to designate the beneficiary. § 1, art. 2, Constitution of Grand Lodge; Sabin v. Phinney, 134 N.Y. 423; Massey v. Mutual Relief Society, 102 id. 523.
Subsequently, and in 1895, the Supreme Lodge amended its by-laws as follows: "Each member shall designate the person or persons to whom the beneficiary fund due at his death shall be paid, who shall, in every instance, be one or more members of his family, or some one related to him by blood, or who shall be dependent upon him."
The claim of the plaintiff and of the association is that this has a retroactive effect, and consequently nullified the certificate issued on the application of Mr. Spencer, so far as the designation of persons is concerned. There is nothing in the language of the section implying it was to relate to certificates valid when issued. It makes no provision for calling in these certificates; it does not provide for any notice to any member of the order who was keeping up assessments innocent of any impairment of his certificate, and no action in fact was taken indicating this drastic, retrospective construction was designed by the passage of this enactment. Certainly a provision of this kind will not be given a retroactive interpretation unless such an intent is clearly manifest. Bacon on Benefit Societies, parakraph 187; Wist v. Grand Lodge A.O.U.W., 22 Or. 271; Niblack on Benefit Societies, paragraphs 162, 162a; Sargent v. Knights of Honor, 158 Mass. 557; Benton v. Brotherhood of Railroad Brakemen, 146 Ill. 570; Gundlach v. Germania Mutual Assn., 4 Hun, 339.
The courts will not intervene to put a construction upon this provision to annul outstanding certificates where there is nothing in the conduct of the association itself warranting that interpretation.
In Wist v. Grand Lodge A.O.U.W., 22 Or. 271 ( supra), where this subject was very carefully considered, the court used the following language: "The law does not undertake by its terms to disturb what has been done; it does not nullify previous appointments. * * * It is a settled rule of construction that laws will not be interpreted to be retrospective unless by their terms they are clearly intended to be so, they are construed as operating only on cases or facts which come into existence after the laws were passed. * * * Rights will not be interfered with unless there are express words to that effect. It is not enough that upon some principles of interpretation a retroactive construction could be given to the law, but the intent to make it retroactive must be so plain and demonstrable as to exclude its prospective operation."
I have much doubt as to the power of the Supreme Lodge to enact legislation practically abrogating certificates of this kind. The charter authorized the member to designate whomsoever he wished as the recipient of his benefit. He paid for this privilege, and the designation of the beneficiary is as much of the essence of the certificate as the amount to be paid, and if it is fairly within the compass of this association to change radically the certificate in any respect, it is vested with a dangerous power.
Waiving that question, however, the language of this provision does not assume to be retrospective. The defendant, the Grand Lodge, has collected the assessments for this death loss and stands ready to pay when the proper beneficiaries are ascertained, so its interest is purely sentimental and perfunctory, and its objection that it has not been served with the answer of the defending beneficiaries has no merit.
The defendants Cothran and Ransom are entitled to the fund in compliance with the designation made in the certificate.
Ordered accordingly.