Opinion
Case No. 2:06-CV-00264-KJD-LRL.
September 30, 2010
ORDER
Presently before the Court is Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (#49). Plaintiffs filed an Opposition (#67), to which Defendants filed a Reply (#70).
I. Facts and Procedural History
On March 3, 2004, Sean Spear placed an emergency 911 call to the North Las Vegas Police Department ("NLVPD"). He informed the dispatcher that his father, Thomas Spear ("Thomas" or "Plaintiff"), was in their home located at 1002 White Hollow Avenue and was threatening to shoot himself in the head. He also told the dispatcher that his father was currently in possession of a 9mm handgun. Sean had previously called a friend who was an officer with the North Las Vegas Police Department for help.
At approximately 4:25 p.m. officers Jennifer Hurley and Carey McCloud were dispatched to the Spear home. After the police arrived, Sean informed them that in addition to the handgun there were at least four rifles and four handguns with armor piercing ammunition in the house. He told them that his father was a retired Air Force officer with extensive military and weapons training.
Sean also told the officers that the prior evening his father, Thomas Spear, and mother, Linda Spear, became involved in a dispute over missing medication. Linda Spear left the home that evening and had not returned. The next day Sean checked on his father and found him sitting on his bed holding a handgun. Sean told the officers that his father had said that he no longer wished to live and promised Sean his automobile collection if Sean let him commit suicide. Sean became frightened and ran outside to call the police.
Officer Hurley then attempted to call Thomas Spear on the house phone which rang without being answered. Hurley contacted NLVPD Sergeant Michael Waller to advise him of the situation. Waller advised the officers to close off the street and monitor the house. Waller arrived at 5:10 p.m. Sean repeated what he had told the other officers and gave the police a layout of the interior of the Spear home.
At approximately 5:30 p.m., Defendants Captain Joe Chronister and Captain Tony Scott arrived at the command post to monitor the situation. Waller briefed them on the situation. At 6:20 p.m., crisis negotiators, Susan Shaaf-White, Terrence McAllister, and Randy Carter arrived at the scene. The negotiators attempted to gather employment and medical history from Nellis Air Force Base. At 6:30 p.m., Waller called out the Special Weapons and Tactic ("SWAT") squad. The command post was informed that neighbors had called Linda Spear. The neighbors reported that Thomas had spoken with Linda within the half hour and informed her that he had taken an overdose of medication.
At 6:55 p.m., Special Operations and SWAT arrived on the scene. They set up a perimeter around the residence, treating the situation as a barricaded subject. Special Operations was briefed on the background of the situation. Michael Kincaid, the SWAT commander, was concerned that Thomas would open fire causing the police officers to shoot him, or that he was trying to kill himself with an overdose of medication.
Linda Spear was intercepted by police at a nearby intersection as she tried to return home. Military personnel from Nellis Air Force Base's Office of Special Investigations were also intercepted and taken to the command post. Linda was not allowed to go to the command post, and she returned to her hotel room at the Cannery Hotel. At approximately 7:40 Linda and her daughter, Kristy Lynn Grider were met at their hotel room by Officer Bruce Reeves who asked them not to leave for their own safety.
Rifle teams were deployed on the front and rear of the residence. The team in the rear set up in a second story window of a house across the street from the back of the Spear residence. An immediate action team set up in the front yard to secure Thomas if he left the house. The street light in front of the house was disabled in order to conceal their location. At approximately, 8:00 p.m., these teams were in ready position.
Between 8:00 and 8:30 p.m., crisis negotiators made numerous attempts to telephone Thomas Spear, with no answer, except for the answering machine. Officer's also attempted to use Linda Spear's cell phone in case Thomas was using caller ID to screen calls. At 8:35 p.m., Special Operations attempted to speak with Thomas via bullhorn. They asked Thomas to answer his phone but he did not respond or answer. Sean, down the street at the command post, did not hear the attempt to communicate with his father by bullhorn.
Around the same time, Officer Brown, with the rifle team in the rear, saw Thomas lying prone by the rear sliding glass door. Brown could see Thomas when he moved or sat up, but when he lay completely prone he was out of sight. Brown reported that he could hear the bullhorn from his position in the house across the street from the rear of the Spear home.
In addition to her cell phone, Linda had given officers a key to the house. However, because Thomas was visible through the glass in the rear of the house and he was not responding to officers, Kincaid determined that entry through the front door would not ensure protection for the officers or Thomas.
In order to get a better look, Officers Taylor and Ryan were deployed on ladders overlooking the rear wall into the backyard. Though they could see Thomas lying on the floor near the sliding glass door, they could not see his hands. Though some lights were on in the house, no lights were on in the room Thomas was in.
At about 9:20, a second immediate action team, including Defendant Christopher Corrado and Defendant Travis Snyder, was deployed in the rear, northwest corner of th residence, about 15 yards from the rear sliding glass door. At approximately 9:30 p.m., Taylor fired a "KO1" less lethal munition at the top of the sliding glass door which broke the tempered glass of the door. A stinger ball distraction device was placed approximately ten feet from the door to distract Thomas from the immediate action team. Corrado and Snyder had to manually clear the remaining glass from the door, and shouted instructions at Thomas while they did it.
Thomas Spear sat up and asked, "What's going on?" He was grabbed by the immediate action team, dropped in the glass, and slammed up against the spa in the backyard. Thomas hit his head on the spa. Thomas suffered a severe laceration to his buttocks and was attended to by medical personnel. Eventually, Thomas underwent surgery at Nellis Air Force Base to repair the damage.
Plaintiffs filed the present action on March 2, 2006. Plaintiffs allege violations of the Fourth, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments including a claim for violation of Plaintiffs' rights to familial relationships. They also allege municipal liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 asserting that it is the policy, practice and custom of the NLVPD to tolerate and ratify the excessive use of force by its officers and to negligently hire, train and supervise its officers. Plaintiffs also allege state law claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress, assault and battery, and false imprisonment.
After many extensions of deadlines to file dispositive motions and oppose Defendants' motion for summary judgment, the Court denied further extensions. Plaintiffs filed their opposition on January 5, 2010. In their opposition, Plaintiffs included the report of D.P. Van Blaricom. However, the deadline for designation of expert witnesses was May 26, 2009 and the deadline for designation of rebuttal expert witnesses was June 25, 2009. Van Blaricom's report was never produced to Defendants, other than being attached to their opposition. It appears that Van Blaricom was not retained until December 30, 2009, five months after discovery closed on July 27, 2009. Van Blaricom's report will be excluded, because it is unauthenticated, lacks foundation, and as a sanction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1) for Plaintiffs' failure to timely disclose the expert under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26.
II. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment may be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine factual issue for trial. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).
All justifiable inferences must be viewed in the light must favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. However, the nonmoving party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his or her pleadings, but he or she must produce specific facts, by affidavit or other evidentiary materials as provided by Rule 56(e), showing there is a genuine issue for trial. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986). The court need only resolve factual issues of controversy in favor of the non-moving party where the facts specifically averred by that party contradict facts specifically averred by the movant. See Lujan v. Nat'l Wildlife Fed'n., 497 U.S. 871, 888 (1990); see also Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Natural Beverage Distribs., 69 F.3d 337, 345 (9th Cir. 1995) (stating that conclusory or speculative testimony is insufficient to raise a genuine issue of fact to defeat summary judgment). Evidence must be concrete and cannot rely on "mere speculation, conjecture, or fantasy. O.S.C. Corp. v. Apple Computer, Inc., 792 F.2d 1464, 1467 (9th Cir. 1986). "[U]ncorroborated and self-serving testimony," without more, will not create a "genuine issue" of material fact precluding summary judgment. Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir. 2002).
Summary judgment shall be entered "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Summary judgment shall not be granted if a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
III. Qualified Immunity
Defendants aver that qualified immunity bars Plaintiffs' allegations of Constitutional deprivations. However, because there is a genuine issue of material fact as to Defendants' culpability for Spear's alleged head injury and for being dropped in the glass, the Court denies summary judgment regarding those specific claims only.
When the qualified immunity is raised, the Court first determines whether, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the conduct of an officer violated plaintiffs' Constitutional rights. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001);see also Pearson v. Callahan, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 808, 815 (2009) (noting that the exact sequence of analysis proscribed byKatz v. Saucier is often beneficial, though not required). If the plaintiff cannot establish a Constitutional violation, then there is no reason for further discussion. Katz v. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. However, if a plaintiff establishes a violation, the Court then determines whether the right was clearly established.
A. Constitutional Violations
1. Excessive Force
The Court examines allegations of excessive force under the interpretation of the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on unreasonable seizures. Bryan v. MacPherson, 608 F.3d 614, 619-20 (9th Cir. 2010). Under this framework, the Court determines the reasonableness of the force employed by police officers by balancing "the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental interests at stake." Id. (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989)) (internal quotations omitted); see also, Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272, 1279 (9th Cir. 2001).
i. Nature and Quality of the Intrusion
To determine the nature and quality of the intrusion, the Court first makes an assessment as to the quantum of force employed by Defendants against Plaintiff. Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1441 (9th Cir. 1994); Bryan, 608 F.3d at 620. Other than being dragged through the glass and slammed against the spa, the Court finds that Plaintiff's allegations of excessive force fail as a matter of law.
First, all other actions complained of involve a low quantum of force. That conduct was gentle in comparison with the conduct in cases concluding that there was excessive force. See, e.g. Bryan, 608 F.3d 614 (plaintiff shot with a taser); Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272 (9th Cir. 2001) (shot from a non-lethal weapon removed plaintiff's eye and lodged lead in his skull). Furthermore, the evidence demonstrating those acts does not give rise to a § 1983 claim because it merely shows, if anything, a lack of due care on the part of the officers. Davidson v. Cannon, 474 U.S. 344 (1986). Negligent conduct on the part of state actors does not give rise to a § 1983 claim. Maddox v. City of Los Angeles, 792 F.2d 1408, 1413 (9th Cir. 1986); see also, Wood v. Ostrander, 879 F.2d 583, 588 (9th Cir. 1989) (noting that recovery for negligence does not serve to discourage abuses of power by state officials).
To recover for unintentional acts, a state actor's conduct must at least rise to "deliberate indifference." Wood, 879 F.2d at 588. The deliberate indifference standard is a higher degree of culpability than mere negligence, gross negligence, or recklessness. Redman v. County of San Diego, 896 F.2d 362, 365 (9th Cir. 1990). Thus, accepting all of Plaintiffs' alleged facts as true, no reasonable jury could conclude that the police were guilty of deliberate indifference except when they dropped and dragged Plaintiff through the glass and slammed him against the spa. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not stated an excessive force claim for any other injuries he received.
However, a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether officers acted with deliberate indifference when they dragged Plaintiff through the glass and sat Plaintiff next to the spa, allegedly causing injury to Plaintiff's head. If in doing so, the police acted with deliberate indifference, then Plaintiff may have a claim under § 1983. However, if it was mere negligence, or even gross negligence, Plaintiff cannot recover because such evidence does not give rise to a § 1983 claim. See Maddox v. City of Los Angeles, 792 F.2d 1408, 1413 (9th Cir. 1986); see also,Wood v. Ostrander, 879 F.2d 583, 588 (9th Cir. 1989). What level of force was used and whether it was reasonable are questions for a finder of fact.
ii. Countervailing Governmental Interest
To evaluate the government's interest in using force, the Court assesses "the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight." Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. at 396. The second factor regarding the safety of officers or others is the most important. Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 702 (9th Cir. 2005). There must be objective factors that suggest that there is a threat to a person's safety. "[A] simple statement by an officer that he fears for his safety or the safety of others is not enough; there must be objective factors to justify such a concern." Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272, 1281 (9th Cir. 2001). However, the Court is not limited to a review of these factors. The Court can also consider the "totality of the circumstances" and any specific factors that may be appropriate in this case in determining the government's interest in the use of force. Bryan v. MacPherson, 608 F.3d 614, 622 (9th Cir. 2010).
Here, given the totality of the circumstances, and the threat of harm that Spear posed to himself and to those around him, the government had a high interest in removing Plaintiff from the home. See Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d at 1281; Bryan v. MacPherson, 608 F.3d at 622. The police had ample, objective evidence regarding the potential threat to the safety of Spear and others. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. at 396. For example, NLVPD had visited the residence the previous day for a domestic dispute. Plaintiff's son, Sean, called 911 and asked for the police's help to prevent Plaintiff's suicide. When police arrived, Sean told police that Plaintiff had several guns, including armor-piercing ammunition. Spear was unresponsive to police and negotiators. These facts strongly suggest that Plaintiff was a potential harm to himself and to those around him. Therefore, the government had a high interest in removing Plaintiff from the home.
Furthermore, the totality of circumstances demonstrate that Defendants had a high interest in removing Plaintiff from his home. See Bryan, 608 F.3d at 622. Defendants were asked to respond to a potentially dangerous situation, involving a suicidal man who owned several guns.
In balancing the government's interest with the nature and quality of the intrusion, the Court finds that Defendants' actions in detaining Thomas reasonable in the circumstances. However, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to the use of force in dragging Plaintiff through the glass and slamming him against the spa. Therefore, summary judgment is denied on this specific claim for Thomas's injuries.
2. Unlawful Entry
The Court concludes that Defendants did not make an unlawful entry into Plaintiffs' home. Although police entry into a home without a warrant is typically unlawful, Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398 (2006), this rule is subject to an exception that allows entry in emergency situations. "[A] warrantless entry by criminal law enforcement officials may be legal when there is compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant." For example, "The need to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury is justification for what would be otherwise illegal absent an exigency or emergency." Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 392 (1987) (quoting Wayne v. U.S. 318 F.2d 205 (D.C. Cir. 1963). As part of the police's "community caretaking function," this exception allows police to respond without a warrant to an emergency situation that threatens life or limb.Hopkins v. Bonvicino, 573 F.3d 752, 763 (9th Cir. 2009).
Here, the police entered Plaintiff Spear's home during an emergency situation. There was a compelling need for action. The Court finds that the police were acting within their community caretaker function when they responded to Sean Spears's request for help in preventing Plaintiff's suicide. Because police entered the home during an emergency situation to protect life or limb, the Court finds that there was no unlawful entry in this case. See Hopkins, 573 F.3d at 763. Therefore, the Court finds that this claim fails as a matter of law.
B. Clearly Established Right
The Court finds that all of Plaintiffs' allegations are barred by Defendants' qualified immunity, except for Spear being dragged through the glass and slammed against the spa. Qualified immunity "protects government officials from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Pearson v. Callahan, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 808, 815 (2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)) (internal quotations omitted).
Because there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether officers deliberately dragged Thomas through glass and roughly placed him up against the spa, causing injury to his head, the Court denies summary judgment with respect to that claim. This use of force, accepting the allegation as true, would constitute a violation of a clearly established right. Therefore, qualified immunity does not bar Spear's claims against police for that alleged use of force. The Court, however, grants summary judgment regarding Plaintiff's other allegations of excessive force and for unlawful entry.
IV. Municipal Liability
Plaintiff's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against the City of North Las Vegas and the North Las Vegas Police Department (NLVPD) fail as a matter of law. Section 1983 provides,
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . .
Municipalities and other local government units are included in that group of "persons" referred to in § 1983. Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). A plaintiff may establish municipal liability under § 1983 by demonstrating one of the following three factors: 1) a city employee violated Constitutional rights either pursuant to an official policy or informal practice of the city, 2) the violator held final policy-making authority, or 3) a person with final policy-making authority ratified the unconstitutional behavior. Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346 (9th Cir. 1992).
A. Violation Pursuant to an Official or Unofficial Policy
i. An Official Policy
Plaintiff fails to establish that a NLVPD employee violated his Constitutional rights "pursuant to official municipal policy."Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. "Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort." Id. Therefore, "a municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor-or, in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory." Id. The official-policy requirement for municipal liability under § 1983 distinguishes the acts of municipal employees from the acts of the municipality, thus determining whether the city is actually responsible for the violation. Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 479 (1986). Therefore, a "governmental entity is liable under § 1983 only when the entity itself is a "`moving force'" behind the deprivation." Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985) (citations omitted).
Plaintiff has not raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding an official NLVPD policy that allows or encourages excessive force such as the alleged head injury here. Even if the jury determines that the police acted with deliberate indifference when Spear's head was allegedly injured, this evidence is wholly insufficient to establish municipal liability. To prevail on such a claim, Plaintiff would also need to establish that the police officer did so pursuant to official policy. Plaintiff has failed to do so here.
ii. Unofficial Policy: Widespread Practice or Custom
Even if a plaintiff cannot establish the existence of an official municipal policy, the plaintiff may also establish municipal liability by demonstrating that the municipal employee acted in accordance with a "longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the `standard operating procedure' of the local governmental entity." Jett v. Dallas Independent School District, 491 U.S. 701, 737 (1989) (quoting Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 485-87 (White, J., concurring)). "[A] plaintiff may be able to prove the existence of a widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or express municipal policy, is "so permanent and well settled as to constitute a `custom or usage' with the force of law." City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress Co., 398 U.S. 144, 167-68, 90 (1970)). Therefore, "A plaintiff cannot prove the existence of a municipal policy or custom based solely on the occurrence of a single incident or unconstitutional action by a non-policymaking employee." Davis v. City of Ellensburg, 869 F.2d 1230, 1233 (9th Cir. 1989) (abrogated on other grounds by Beck v. City of Upland, 527 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2008)).
Here, the evidence is insufficient to establish that NLVPD maintained an unconstitutional "longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the `standard operating procedure' of the local governmental entity." Jett, 491 U.S. at 737 (quoting Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 485-87 (White, J., concurring)). The evidence presented by Plaintiff fails to show that the alleged unconstitutional conduct in this case was so widespread that it constituted a custom with the force of law at the NLVPD. See City of St. Louis, 485 U.S. at 127. Likewise, Plaintiff's evidence supporting this isolated incident fails to establish a pattern of tortious conduct that resulted from inadequate training on the part of NLVPD. Even assuming that a NLVPD officer is liable for the alleged excessive force used against Plaintiff Spear, this is insufficient evidentiary foundation for municipal liability because evidence demonstrating an occurrence of a single incident of unconstitutional behavior fails to establish a municipal policy or custom. See Davis, 869 F.2d at 1233.
B. Policy-Making Authority
Plaintiff failed to establish that a NLVPD employee with policy-making authority used excessive force against him. A litigant wishing to oppose a summary judgment motion must demonstrate specific facts that show there is a genuine issue of material fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2). Plaintiff failed to establish that the alleged tortfeasor held policy-making authority. Thus, Plaintiff has not established municipal liability based upon this element.
C. A Person with Policy-Making Authority Ratified the Unconstitutional Behavior
Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that an employee with policy-making authority ratified the alleged police conduct that caused Plaintiff's head injury. See Davis v. City of Ellensburg, 869 F.2d 1230, 1234 (9th Cir. 1989) (denying municipal liability where the plaintiff failed to present evidence that the city acquiesced in unconstitutional behavior). Police officers may have stated that the plan to extract Plaintiff from his home was proper, but they did not ratify or condone the alleged unconstitutional behavior. "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Davis, 869 F.2d at 1234 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986) (citations omitted)). Because the evidence in the record does not raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding a ratification of unconstitutional conduct at NLVPD, the Court grants summary judgment on this claim against NLVPD.
V. Interference with Familial Relationship
Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiffs' claim for interference with familial relationship, because no clearly established law would have put Defendants on notice under the facts of this case that their actions were illegal. In opposition to Defendants' motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs have failed to identify a single fact demonstrating that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to their right to a familial relationship. Wallis v. Spencer, 202 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2000). Accordingly, Plaintiffs' third cause of action is dismissed.
VI. Discretionary Immunity Pursuant to State Law
Martinez v. Maruszczak, 123 Nev. 433, 168 P.3d 720 (2007) adopted the general principles of federal jurisprudence as to discretionary-function immunity, id. at 727, holding that the actions of state actors are entitled to discretionary-act immunity if their decision (1) involves an element of individual judgment or choice and (2) is based on considerations of social, economic, or political policy, id. at 729. The Nevada Supreme Court clarified that "decisions at all levels of government, including frequent or routine decisions, may be protected by discretionary-act immunity, if the decisions require analysis of government policy concerns." Id.
To the extent that any of Plaintiffs' claims could be construed as negligent training or supervision claims under state law, Defendants are entitled to discretionary immunity as the Ninth Circuit has held "decisions relating to the hiring, training and supervision of employees usually involve policy judgment of the type Congress intended the discretionary function exception to shield." Vickers v. United States, 228 F.3d 944, 950 (9th Cir. 2000); Bryan v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dept't, 349 Fed. Appx. 132, 134 (9th Cir. 2009). The individual defendants are also protected under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.032 from the state law torts, because their handling of the situation with Thomas Spear led to discretionary decisions that "were concerning the scope and manner in which [North Las Vegas Police Department] conducts an investigation," or responds to an emergency call based on the policies of North Las Vegas Police, and did not "violate a mandatory directive." Vickers, 228 F.3d at 951; Bryan, 349 Fed. Appx. at 134. Accordingly, Plaintiffs state law claims are dismissed.
VII. Conclusion
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (#49) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part;
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all Plaintiffs' claims except Thomas Spears' claims for excessive force are DISMISSED.
DATED this 30th day of September 2010.