Opinion
September 13, 1963.
November 13, 1963.
Negligence — Evidence — Causation — Question of fact for jury — Contributory negligence — Cause in fact of accident — Failure to look before entering intersection — Bus started after other driver's entry into intersection.
1. A plaintiff's negligence does not bar him from recovery unless it was a cause in fact of the accident.
2. The determination of whether causal connection exists is for the jury, if there is any substantial evidence of such connection.
3. In this case, in which it appeared that the additional defendant, relying upon a green traffic light, entered an intersection without first looking for traffic on the cross street; and that there was evidence to sustain findings that when additional defendant entered the intersection the defendant bus was stopped, that the bus driver started immediately after discharging or loading his passengers, while the traffic light was still red or amber for him and additional defendant was in the intersection, that the bus driver looked only as he started moving or, in the split second before he started the bus, took only a glance at the surrounding traffic situation, that additional defendant appeared to him to be only twenty to twenty-five feet away, traveling thirty-five to forty miles an hour, and that he knew that she was not going to stop; it was Held that the evidence supported findings that the additional defendant, if she had looked before entering the intersection, would have been justified in continuing across the intersection in reliance upon the green light since no traffic was moving toward the intersection, and that her failure to look was not in any degree a cause of the accident.
Before RHODES, P.J., ERVIN, WRIGHT, WOODSIDE, WATKINS, MONTGOMERY, and FLOOD, JJ.
Appeals, Nos. 105 and 106, Oct. T., 1963, from judgment of County Court of Philadelphia, June T., 1961, No. 1784-D, in case of Caroline Smith et vir v. Philadelphia Transportation Company et al. Judgment affirmed.
Trespass for personal injuries. Before BURCH, J.
Verdict directed in favor of additional defendant; verdict in favor of plaintiffs in the sum of $2,000 and against defendant Transportation Company and judgment entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
James D. McCrudden, for appellant.
David H. Kubert, for appellee, submitted a brief.
George P. Williams, III, with him Schnader, Harrison, Segal Lewis, for appellee.
Argued September 13, 1963.
The defendant has appealed from a refusal of the court below to enter judgment n.o.v. against the additional defendant, Mrs. Jurewicz, whose car collided with the defendant's bus in an intersection. Its contention is that as she was admittedly negligent and the negligence of the bus operator was not a superseding cause, her negligence was a proximate cause of the passenger's injury. Actually the situation raises neither the issue of superseding cause or proximate cause. The real question is whether the negligence of the additional defendant was a cause in fact of the accident. Relying upon the case of Ginsburg v. Pittsburgh Railways Company, 355 Pa. 193, 49 A.2d 367 (1946), the court below, in effect, held that it was not. We agree.
The additional defendant testified that she entered the intersection from the north and, relying upon a green traffic light, maintained her speed of about twenty-five miles per hour but did not look for traffic on the cross street before entering the intersection. Under such circumstances, her failure to look was negligent as a matter of law. Grande v. Wooleyhan Transport Company, 353 Pa. 535, 46 A.2d 241 (1946). The issue is whether this negligence was a cause of the accident.
The determination of whether causal connection exists is for the jury, if there is any substantial evidence of such connection. Bearing in mind that on appeal from the refusal of a motion for judgment n.o.v., we must construe the evidence most favorably to the party who obtained the verdict, the jury's verdict is clearly justified. From the testimony the jury could have found that when Mrs. Jurewicz entered the intersection the P.T.C. bus was stopped either to discharge or load passengers; that she had the green light and would have been justified, if she had looked before entering the intersection, in assuming that the bus would not start until she had cleared the intersection; that the bus driver started immediately after discharging or loading his passengers, while the light was still red or amber for him and Mrs. Jurewicz was in the intersection; that in the split second before he started the bus he took only a glance at the surrounding traffic situation; that Mrs. Jurewicz appeared to him to be only twenty to twenty-five feet away, travelling thirty-five to forty miles an hour, and he "knew she was not going to stop". In fact the jury would be warranted in finding from the bus driver's testimony that he looked only as he started moving. If so, the conclusion follows that even had Mrs. Jurewicz performed her legal duty and looked before she entered the intersection, she would have been justified in doing just what she did — continuing across in reliance upon the green light since no traffic was moving toward the intersection. The jury evidently concluded that the accident would have happened even if she had done her full duty and that her failure to look could not, therefore, be considered in any degree a cause of the accident. This was a proper determination under the evidence.
The questions of proximate cause, intervening cause, or similar problems of legal cause which have given the courts and commentators so much trouble (see Keeton, Legal Cause in The Law of Torts (1963)), arise only after it has appeared that the defendant's negligence is in fact a cause of the collision — that it would not have occurred "but for" her negligence. "It is not negligence in the abstract that bars a recovery but negligence which contributes to the injury". Ginsburg v. Pittsburgh Railways Company, supra. See also Baughman v. Shenango and Allegheny Railway Company, 92 Pa. 335, 37 Am. Rep. 690 (1880).
This matter was fully and luminously discussed by this court in Clee v. Brinks, 135 Pa. Super. 345, 5 A.2d 387 (1939), in which Judge CUNNINGHAM said, in part: "The ground upon which the trial judge held the plaintiff guilty of negligence, as a matter of law, was evidently his admission that after looking to his right at the houseline he did not again look in that direction until appellant's truck was `right on top of' him. . . . Just as a negligent defendant cannot be held liable in damages unless his negligence is a cause of the injuries complained of, so too a plaintiff who is negligent is not barred from recovery unless his negligence is a cause of his injury. . . .
"[T]here is no doubt that a plaintiff's negligence must, at the least, be a causa sine qua non of his injury before he is barred from recovery. . . ."
Judgment affirmed.