Opinion
No. 225847.
Submitted February 14, 2001, at Detroit.
Decided May 1, 2001, at 9:10 a.m. Updated June 22, 2001.
Appeal from WCAC, LC No. 99-000110.
Zamler, Mellen, Shiffman Kay, P.C. (by Paul S. Rosen) ( Daryl Royal, of Counsel), for the plaintiff.
Kemp, Klein, Umphrey Endelman (by Valencia L. Jarvis), for the defendant.
Before: Smolenski, P.J., and Jansen and Fitzgerald, JJ.
Plaintiff appeals by leave granted from the Worker's Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) order dated February 14, 2000, which affirmed the magistrate's decision denying plaintiff's claim for weekly wage loss benefits. We reverse and remand to the WCAC for further proceedings.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Plaintiff worked for defendant over the course of thirty-six years, from 1971 to 1997. Plaintiff performed various production jobs for defendant over the course of his career, including working as an assembler, as a press operator, and stacking and loading parts and equipment. During his last three years of employment, between 1994 and 1997, plaintiff experienced problems with his shoulders and upper arms that impacted his ability to work. Plaintiff underwent two surgeries, returning to work after each surgery under medical restrictions related to his upper arm and shoulder use. In March, 1997, while on vacation, plaintiff suffered a stroke that rendered him permanently and totally disabled.
There is no dispute that the stroke was not work-related.
Plaintiff filed a petition for worker's compensation benefits, alleging work-related injuries to both shoulders. At trial, the magistrate accepted the parties' stipulation that plaintiff's left shoulder injury was work-related, but determined that plaintiff's right shoulder injury was not work-related. Despite the existence of a work-related injury to plaintiff's left shoulder, the magistrate nevertheless denied plaintiff's claim for worker's compensation benefits. The magistrate's decision rested on two main determinations. First, the magistrate held that plaintiff was not performing "reasonable employment" on his last day of work. Therefore, the magistrate concluded that the "reasonable employment" provisions of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), set forth in MCL 418.301(5), did not apply to plaintiff. Second, the magistrate determined that plaintiff's left shoulder injury did not result in a wage loss. Applying Haske v Transport Leasing, Inc, Indiana, 455 Mich. 628; 566 N.W.2d 896 (1997), the magistrate determined that plaintiff was not entitled to workers' compensation benefits because he had not established a compensable disability.
On appeal, plaintiff does not challenge the magistrate's finding that his right shoulder injury was not work-related.
Plaintiff appealed the magistrate's decision to the WCAC, which affirmed the denial of benefits. The WCAC's decision also rested on two main determinations. First, the WCAC rejected plaintiff's reliance on Powell v Casco Nelmor Corp, 406 Mich. 332; 279 N.W.2d 769 (1979), holding that the Legislature's adoption of the WDCA "reasonable employment" provisions nullified Powell's holding. Second, the WCAC upheld the magistrate's factual finding that plaintiff was not engaged in "reasonable employment" on his last day of employment, but was performing his "regular job." Plaintiff appeals by leave granted from the WCAC's decision denying his claim for benefits. We reverse.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In worker's compensation cases, the judiciary reviews the decision of the WCAC, not the decision of the magistrate. Mudel v Great Atlantic Pacific Tea Co, 462 Mich. 691, 709; 614 N.W.2d 607 (2000). We review de novo those questions of law involved in any final order of the WCAC. Id. at 697, n 3; DiBenedetto v West Shore Hospital, 461 Mich. 394, 401; 605 N.W.2d 300 (2000); MCL 418.861a(14). However, we review the WCAC's factual findings under the "any evidence" standard:
As long as there exists in the record any evidence supporting the WCAC's decision, and as long as the WCAC did not misapprehend its administrative appellate role (e.g., engage in de novo review; apply the wrong rule of law), then the judiciary must treat the WCAC's factual decisions as conclusive. [ Mudel, supra at 703-704.]
See also MCL 418.861a(14). Nevertheless, "a decision of the WCAC is subject to reversal if it is based on erroneous legal reasoning or the wrong legal framework." DiBenedetto, supra at 401-402.
III. CONTINUED VALIDITY OF POWELL v CASCO NELMOR CORP
Plaintiff argued below that his stroke, a supervening non-work-related medical condition, should not operate as a bar to receipt of wage loss benefits occasioned by his left shoulder injury. Plaintiff relied on Powell, supra at 351-352, where our Supreme Court held that an employee's "inability to continue favored work, where that inability arises from a supervening event for which the worker is not responsible, does not create a legal bar" to wage loss benefits. The WCAC rejected plaintiff's argument, holding that the Legislature nullified Powell when it adopted MCL 418.301(5). The WCAC held:
First, plaintiff's attempt to utilize Powell v Casco Nelmor Corp, 406 Mich. 332 (1979) for the proposition that intervening non-work-related events cannot act to cut off benefit entitlement must fail. The point is not, as plaintiff argues, that the Michigan Supreme Court has never expressly overruled Powell. The point is that the Michigan Legislature did, by passing the reasonable employment provision in the Act.
In 1982, the Legislature amended the WDCA to include the "reasonable employment" provisions. The WDCA provides, in relevant part:
See 1981 PA 200. Before that time, the WDCA did not address the concept and the issue was governed by an area of the common law known as the "favored-work doctrine." Perez v Keeler Brass Co, 461 Mich. 602, 606; 608 N.W.2d 45 (2000).
(5) If disability is established pursuant to subsection (4), entitlement to weekly wage loss benefits shall be determined pursuant to this section and as follows:
(a) If an employee receives a bona fide offer of reasonable employment from the previous employer, another employer, or through the Michigan employment security commission and the employee refuses that employment without good and reasonable cause, the employee shall be considered to have voluntarily removed himself or herself from the work force and is no longer entitled to any wage loss benefits under this act during the period of such refusal.
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(d) If the employee, after having been employed pursuant to this subsection for 100 weeks or more loses his or her job through no fault of the employee, the employee shall receive compensation under this act pursuant to the following:
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(e) If the employee, after having been employed pursuant to this subsection for less than 100 weeks loses his or her job for whatever reason, the employee shall receive compensation based upon his or her wage at the original date of injury. [MCL 418.301(5).]
Our Supreme Court has never expressly spoken on the continued validity of Powell in light of the Legislature's adoption of WDCA § 301(5). However, in Lee v Koegel Meats, 199 Mich. App. 696; 502 N.W.2d 711 (1993), overruled in part by Russell v Whirlpool Financial Corp, 461 Mich. 579, 586; 608 N.W.2d 52 (2000), this Court reviewed the WCAC's holding that the Legislature's adoption of WDCA § 301(5) had nullified Powell. A panel of this Court, including our current Chief Justice Corrigan, rejected the WCAC's analysis:
In a footnote, the Perez Court noted that the WCAC had relied on appellate decisions applying the common law "favored-work doctrine," including the Powell decision. Perez, supra at 607 n 5. The Court stated that the WCAC "did not cite any authority or offer any rationale in support of" the assertion that Powell survived the adoption of § 301(5). We do not construe this footnote as an explicit rejection of Powell, but merely as an indication that the WCAC did not adequately explain why it relied on Powell in that case.
In Russell, supra at 586, the Court overruled a portion of the Lee decision. The Russell opinion addressed "whether an employer must pay worker's compensation benefits to a disabled employee who is terminated after ending a subsection 301(5)(a) period of unreasonable refusal." Id. at 580-581. While examining subsection 301(5)(a) through 301(5)(e), the Court rejected Lee's holding that subsection 301(5)(e) should be used to calculate the benefit rate established under subsections 301(5)(a), (b), or (c). Id. at 586. Instead, Russell held that subsection 301(5)(e) stands on its own, mandating payment of wage loss benefits under certain circumstances. Id. at 587. There is no indication that the Russell Court disturbed Lee's determination that the Powell holding at issue remains good law.
The commission majority erred in suggesting that the amendments of § 301 of the statute rendered nugatory the decision in Powell v Casco Nelmor Corp, supra; rather, it seems that the amendments are consistent with Powell, albeit adding certain glosses appropriate to the legislative process, and consistent as well with other judicial decisions in the area of favored work such as Bower v Whitehall Leather Co, 412 Mich. 172, 182 ff; 312 N.W.2d 640 (1981), the statute as amended specifically borrowing such concepts as "good and reasonable cause" for declining or terminating favored work.
In Powell, the Supreme Court recognized three legal propositions, the third being that "inability to continue favored work, where that inability arises from a supervening event for which the worker is not responsible, does not create a legal bar." [ Lee, supra at 702-703.]
Because this Court has previously ruled that the Legislature's adoption of WDCA § 301(5) did not nullify the Powell holding at issue here, the WCAC erred as a matter of law in holding otherwise. Furthermore, even in the absence of Lee, we would conclude that the portion of Powell on which plaintiff relies is consistent with the "reasonable employment" provisions contained in WDCA § 301(5). Plaintiff cited Powell for the proposition that an employee's "inability to continue favored work, where that inability arises from a supervening event for which the worker is not responsible, does not create a legal bar" to wage loss benefits. Powell, supra at 351-352. The language contained in WDCA subsections 301(5)(d) and 301(5)(e) mandates the same conclusion.
Subsections 301(5)(d) and 301(5)(e) establish specific guidelines for awarding wage loss benefits to injured employees. Subsection 301(5)(d) provides that an injured employee who accepts an employer's offer of "reasonable employment" and subsequently loses his job, "through no fault of the employee," shall receive wage loss benefits as specified in that section. Further, subsection 301(5)(e) provides that an injured employee who accepts an employer's offer of "reasonable employment" and subsequently loses his job, "for whatever reason . . . shall receive compensation based upon his or her wage at the original date of injury." An employee who leaves "reasonable employment" because of a supervening non-work-related medical condition falls within that statutory class of employees who leave employment either "through no fault of the employee" or "for whatever reason." Therefore, an employee who falls within the class of persons described in subsections 301(5)(d) and 301(5)(e) remains eligible for wage loss benefits as provided in those subsections, despite the fact that he left work because of a supervening non-work-related medical condition. Accordingly, the WCAC erred as a matter of law when it rejected plaintiff's argument as incompatible with the requirements of WDCA § 301(5).
Subsection 301(5)(d) applies to employees who have been engaged in "reasonable employment" for one hundred weeks or more. Subsection 301(5)(e) applies to employees who have been engaged in "reasonable employment" for less than one hundred weeks. MCL 418.301(5).
IV. THE "REASONABLE EMPLOYMENT" DOCTRINE
We next address the WCAC's refusal to apply the WDCA's "reasonable employment" provisions to the present case. Plaintiff argued before the magistrate and the WCAC that he was performing "reasonable employment," under specific medical restrictions, on his last day of work. Therefore, plaintiff argued that MCL 418.301(5) governed his application for benefits. The WCAC rejected plaintiff's argument that he was performing "reasonable employment" and held that § 301(5) was inapplicable. Because we conclude that the WCAC's decision was based on erroneous legal reasoning, we reverse. DiBenedetto, supra at 401-402.
The WDCA allows an employer to limit potential exposure for worker's compensation benefits by offering an injured employee "reasonable employment" within the employee's ability to perform work. MCL 418.301(5)(a). The act defines the phrase "reasonable employment" as follows:
"Reasonable employment", as used in this section, means work that is within the employee's capacity to perform that poses no clear and proximate threat to that employee's health and safety, and that is within a reasonable distance from that employee's residence. The employee's capacity to perform shall not be limited to jobs in work suitable to his or her qualifications and training. [MCL 418.301(9).]
If the employee refuses to perform the offered "reasonable employment" without good and reasonable cause, the employee "shall be considered to have voluntarily removed himself or herself from the work force and is no longer entitled to any wage loss benefits under this act during the period of such refusal." MCL 418.301(5)(a). However, if the employee accepts the employer's offer of "reasonable employment" and subsequently loses his job, either "through no fault of the employee" or "for whatever reason," the employee shall receive benefits as specified in subsection 301(5)(d) or 301(5)(e).
At trial, the parties presented testimony from three witnesses regarding plaintiff's job duties. It was undisputed that defendant did not restrict plaintiff's work assignments to any single task, before plaintiff sustained the left shoulder injury. Rather, plaintiff described his job as that of a "floater," filling in at various positions according to defendant's needs. Plaintiff's various production assignments changed over time, but included working as an assembler, as a press operator, and stacking and loading parts and equipment. Before June, 1994, plaintiff performed jobs that required "lifting, reaching, picking up, [and] bending over." Plaintiff performed some work at shoulder level and some at waist level. Plaintiff routinely lifted parts weighing between 10 and 20 pounds and occasionally lifted truck doors weighing up to thirty pounds. He sometimes performed a job in the press room that required him to reach above shoulder level. At other times, he stacked and loaded parts for welders and slid doors from a waist-level conveyor belt to a loading rack.
We will refer to this position as the "door-loading job."
On June 24, 1994, plaintiff fell while performing the door-loading job, hurting his back, neck and left shoulder. Plaintiff underwent surgery on his left shoulder in October, 1994, and returned to work on January 3, 1995. At that time, medical restrictions prohibited plaintiff from lifting his left arm above shoulder height. Plaintiff testified that defendant honored those medical restrictions, assigning him to "different" jobs involving "very light work" upon his return from the surgery to his left shoulder. Plaintiff testified that defendant placed him on jobs involving less strenuous reaching and lighter lifting requirements, including one job that plaintiff could perform using only his right arm.
Plaintiff underwent a second surgery in August, 1996, involving his right shoulder. He returned to work on November 15, 1996. While plaintiff still worked as a "floater," performing a range of different jobs, plaintiff testified that defendant again placed him in positions that involved lighter work than he had performed before the left shoulder injury. He testified that he worked with component parts weighing from 5 to 10 pounds, that he was not required to lift his arms above shoulder level, and that he was not required to lift, push or pull parts weighing more than twenty pounds, with either arm.
In fact, plaintiff testified that defendant often placed him in a "woman's job." That is, when a female employee failed to report for work, defendant would assign plaintiff to her position, placing small parts into boxes.
Norman Kobylarz, defendant's Disability Placement Specialist, confirmed that plaintiff was not subject to any medical restrictions before his workplace fall in June, 1994. However, when plaintiff returned to work in January, 1995, following his left shoulder surgery, he was restricted from lifting his left arm above shoulder height. According to Kobylarz, the right shoulder injury resulted in additional restrictions on plaintiff's ability to work. While the restrictions on plaintiff's left shoulder remained in place, plaintiff was also restricted from lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling more than twenty pounds, with either arm. Kobylarz stated that a number of regular jobs in plaintiff's department fell within the above medical restrictions. However, he conceded that plaintiff would "probably be unable to do certain jobs" within his department. Kobylarz admitted that defendant placed plaintiff in a "modified" job to accommodate his medical restrictions, and that the restrictions remained in place through plaintiff's last day of work in February, 1997.
Because we find Kobylarz's testimony relevant to the "reasonable employment" issue, we include portions of that testimony here:
A. [Kobylarz] [W]ithin a department, he would probably be unable to do certain jobs.
Q. [Plaintiff's Counsel] Okay. Sir, there would be jobs there that he would not be able to do and some jobs he would be able to do?
A. [Kobylarz] Yes.
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A. [Kobylarz] It may have narrowed the job pool, but there were jobs available within his restrictions.
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Q. [Magistrate] [W]hy don't we just come right out and say it. What jobs, what departments could, could Mr. Sington work in, in this plant?
A. [Kobylarz] He could probably work in any of the jobs that he was — at the job qualification level that he had.
Q. [Magistrate] Okay.
A. [Kobylarz] However, within those given departments, there would still be jobs that he would be restricted from.
Q. [Magistrate] That's the physical restrictions.
A. [Kobylarz] Yes.
Reginald Buchanan, plaintiff's final supervisor, also acknowledged that medical restrictions due to plaintiff's shoulder injuries limited plaintiff's ability to work. Buchanan testified that he assigned plaintiff to jobs within his medical restrictions and that he never asked plaintiff to work outside those restrictions. Buchanan did not remember what job plaintiff was performing on his last day of work, and Kobylarz did not know how plaintiff had been assigned after the right shoulder surgery. However, plaintiff testified that Buchanan placed him back on the door-loading job during his last three weeks of work. Plaintiff testified that he attempted to perform that job, but discovered that it was too difficult for him and reported that fact to Buchanan. In turn, Buchanan testified that plaintiff came to him and complained of difficulties performing certain jobs. He further testified that, when he received those complaints, he tried to accommodate plaintiff by moving him to easier jobs.
The magistrate reviewed the above facts and concluded that "[p]laintiff had, all along, been performing a regular plant job — before and after his injuries." The WCAC adopted the magistrate's conclusion. Although it recognized that plaintiff's post-injury job "`conveniently' fell within the restrictions he needed as a result of his work-related left shoulder condition," the WCAC concluded that "the job did not constitute an accommodation of his injury, so as to be `reasonable employment' under Section 301(5)." Whether a particular job offer qualifies as "reasonable employment" is ordinarily a question of fact. Derr v Murphy Motor Freight Lines, 452 Mich. 375, 385; 550 N.W.2d 759 (1996), amended 453 Mich. 1204 (1996); Pulver v Dundee Cement Co, 445 Mich. 68, 77; 515 N.W.2d 728 (1994). Therefore, such a determination is ordinarily reviewed under the "any evidence" standard. Mudel, supra at 703-704. However, where the WCAC makes factual findings premised on an erroneous understanding of the law, we review the WCAC's decision de novo. DiBenedetto, supra at 401-402. Because we conclude that the WCAC's decision was based on an erroneous interpretation of the statutory phrase "reasonable employment," we reverse.
The WCAC determined that plaintiff was not performing "reasonable employment" because he continued to perform a "regular plant job" after his left shoulder injury, i.e., the floater position. To the extent that the WCAC relied on this analysis, it erred as a matter of law.
When reviewing questions of statutory construction, our purpose is to discern and give effect to the Legislature's intent. We begin by examining the plain language of the statute. Where that language in unambiguous, we presume that the Legislature intended the meaning clearly expressed — no further judicial construction is required or permitted, and the statute must be enforced as written. We must give the words of a statute their plain and ordinary meaning, and only where the statutory language is ambiguous may we look outside the statute to ascertain the Legislature's intent. [ DiBenedetto, supra at 402 (citations omitted).]
The WDCA's definition of the phrase "reasonable employment" is fairly straight forward. When an employee suffers a work-related injury and his employer offers him post-injury work that is within his "capacity to perform," the employer has made an offer of "reasonable employment." MCL 418.301(9). The statute does not require that an employer create a new position or a "make-work" position for an injured employee. An offer of "reasonable employment" may include an offer to perform a "regular" position, as long as that position involves "work that is within the employee's capacity to perform that poses no clear and proximate threat to that employee's health and safety." MCL 418.301(9). Thus, the fact that plaintiff continued to perform a "regular plant job," i.e., the floater position, does not mandate a conclusion that he was not engaged in "reasonable employment."
Compare Butler v Dura Corp, 105 Mich. App. 508, 514; 307 N.W.2d 83 (1981), where this Court held that an offer of "favored work" includes "any job regularly performed by other employees, as long as the claimant could not perform according to his prior skills. Moreover, a job need not be manufactured (i.e., be an "odd-lot" job) for the claimant's particular incapacity in order to be favored work." [Citations omitted.]
Compare appellate decisions considering the meaning of an offer of "favored-work." In Michales v Morton Salt Co, 450 Mich. 479, 487; 538 N.W.2d 11 (1995), the Court stated that "[f]avored work entails the modification of an employee's duties that in some manner accommodates the employee's injury." Similarly, in Bower, supra at 182, the Court described "favored work" as "less strenuous post-injury work." Finally, in Jones v Auto Specialties Manufacturing Co, 177 Mich. App. 59, 64; 441 N.W.2d 1 (1988), this Court held that the term "favored work" includes work offered by the employer to a disabled employee "which accommodates the employee's limitations."
After his shoulder surgeries, plaintiff apparently continued to perform some of the job duties that he performed before his workplace fall. For example, he performed the door-loading job both before and after his work-related injury. However, it is clear that plaintiff did not perform all of his pre-injury job duties. Defendant's witnesses admitted that plaintiff was placed in a "modified" job to accommodate his medical restrictions and testified that there were some jobs within plaintiff's department that plaintiff could no longer perform. We conclude that the WCAC erroneously focused on the job duties plaintiff remained able to perform, rather than the jobs duties that plaintiff's work-related injury rendered him unable to perform. The statute does not restrict "reasonable employment" to job duties that are completely different from the employee's pre-injury duties. Rather, the statutory language includes within its scope those situations where an employee is able to perform some of his pre-injury tasks, but it unable to perform all of them. Because the undisputed testimony established that plaintiff could not perform certain job duties within his department and that defendant accommodated plaintiff's medical restrictions by assigning him to less strenuous duties, we conclude as a matter of law that defendant offered plaintiff "reasonable employment" within the meaning of WDCA § 301(9). Therefore, WDCA § 301(5) applies to plaintiff's application for benefits.
Compare our Supreme Court's analysis of the term "disability." In Haske, supra at 651, the Court held that "an employee is disabled whenever he is rendered unable to perform a single job within the category of jobs he is suited to perform, even if the number he continues to be able to perform is numerous and equally well paying."
V. HASKE COMPENSABLE DISABILITY DOCTRINE
Finally, we must address the WCAC's application of Haske to the present case. The magistrate acknowledged that plaintiff suffered a work-related injury to his left shoulder. Nevertheless, the magistrate ruled that plaintiff was not entitled to worker's compensation benefits because he had not established a compensable disability under Haske. The WCAC affirmed the magistrate's decision, holding that plaintiff's left shoulder injury did not result in a compensable disability because plaintiff returned to full employment after that injury. As set forth above, it is clear that defendant offered plaintiff "reasonable employment" within the meaning of WDCA § 301(9). Therefore, we must determine whether the Haske doctrine applies to those employees performing "reasonable employment" under WDCA § 301(5). We conclude that it does not.
In Haske, supra at 654, our Supreme Court held that a work-related injury is not compensable unless the plaintiff also establishes a reduction in earning capacity. Id. In order to establish a reduction in wage-earning capacity, the plaintiff must prove: (1) a work-related injury, (2) subsequent loss in actual wages, and (3) that the injury caused the subsequent wage loss. Id. at 662. The Haske Court summarized its holding as follows:
We hold that an employee proves a disability where he proves that he can no longer perform a job suitable to his qualifications and training as a result of his injury. An employee's disability is compensable only where he proves wage loss by showing a reduction in earning capacity. An employee establishes a reduction in earning capacity where he establishes to the factfinder's satisfaction that a reduction or elimination of his wages, subsequent to the work-related injury, is causally linked to the work-related injury. [ Id. at 665.]
In the present case, the magistrate and WCAC concluded that plaintiff left work because of his stroke, not because of his left shoulder injury. Therefore, the magistrate and the WCAC held that plaintiff's reduction in wage earning capacity was not causally linked to his work-related injury. Applying Haske, the magistrate and WCAC concluded that plaintiff's disability was not compensable. We conclude that the WCAC erroneously applied the Haske doctrine to the present case because that analysis ignores the WDCA's "reasonable employment" provisions.
When an injured employee accepts an offer of "reasonable employment," WDCA § 301(5) requires that "entitlement to weekly wage loss benefits shall be determined pursuant to this section." MCL 418.301(5). The statute then sets forth specific formulas for determining the benefit rate that must be paid to the injured worker. Application of the Haske compensable disability doctrine to injured employees who were engaged in "reasonable employment" would render WDCA § 301(5) meaningless. The statute provides that injured workers engaged in "reasonable employment" shall receive benefits even if they cease working either "through no fault of the employee" or "for whatever reason." MCL 418.301(5)(d), (e). An injured worker engaged in "reasonable employment" need not prove that he lost his job for reasons directly related to his injury. Therefore, once an employee accepts and begins to perform "reasonable employment," the specific provisions found in § 301(5)(e) take precedence over Haske's general requirement that the wage loss must be causally linked to the work-related injury.
VI. CONCLUSION
In summary, we hold that the WCAC erred as a matter of law when it held that the Legislature's adoption of WDCA § 301(5) nullified Powell. The portion of Powell on which plaintiff relies is consistent with the "reasonable employment" provisions of WDCA § 301(5). Further, the WCAC erroneously concluded that plaintiff was not performing "reasonable employment" on his last day of work. The fact that an injured employee returns to work in a "regular" position does not mandate the conclusion that he was not engaged in "reasonable employment." The WCAC should not focus on the job duties that the injured employee remains able to perform after his injury. Rather, the WCAC should examine the duties that the employee's work-related injury rendered him unable to perform. Finally, the WCAC erroneously applied Haske to the present case. Injured employees engaged in "reasonable employment" who subsequently lose their jobs are not required to prove that the job loss was causally connected to the work-related injury.
We therefore reverse and remand to the WCAC for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, including a determination whether plaintiff's case is governed by § 301(5)(d) or § 301(5)(e). We do not retain jurisdiction.
Neither the magistrate nor the WCAC made factual findings regarding the number of days plaintiff worked after returning from left shoulder surgery.