Summary
concluding that Dr. Cartwright's expert report, which noted that Dr. Sides's failure to document what type of surgery he performed was a breach of the standard of care, "provided a fair summary . . . as to causation because it linked the failure of Dr. Sides to appreciate and diagnose [Plaintiff's] toe problems and to document the surgery he performed to the subsequent infection in her knee"; therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Dr. Sides's motion to dismiss
Summary of this case from Barrera v. RicoOpinion
No. 08-06-00213-CV.
August 30, 2007.
Appeal from the County Court at Law Number 3, El Paso County, Javier Alvarez, J.
Arthur R. Piacenti, Larry W. Hicks, Hicks Lucky, P.C., El Paso, for Appellant.
John Mundie, Miranda Boyaki, El Paso, for Appellee.
Before CHEW, C.J., McCLURE, and CARR, JJ.
OPINION
Dr. Eric Sides brings this interlocutory appeal of the trial court's denial of his motion to dismiss Maria Guevara's medical negligence lawsuit for failure to serve him with an adequate expert report. In one issue, he argues that the trial court's failure to dismiss Ms. Guevara's suit and to award him costs and attorney's fees constituted an abuse of discretion. We disagree and affirm.
Maria Guevara underwent a surgical procedure on her infected and ingrown toenails on the big toes of both feet on February 6, 2004. This procedure was performed by Dr. Johan Penninck. On February 27, 2004, she went to Dr. Eric Sides, complaining of pain in her left knee and left shoulder. Dr. Sides apparently made no notice or mention of her prior toe surgery at that initial evaluation. He recommended that Ms. Guevara undergo a total knee replacement and administered a shot of cortisone to her left shoulder. There is no indication in Ms. Guevara's medical records that Dr. Sides was aware of the previous surgery on her toes. It further appears that no discussion took place about the medical condition of her big toes before Dr. Sides recommended a total knee replacement.
On March 11, 2004, Dr. Sides performed a total knee replacement on Ms. Guevara. At the same time, he also performed an indeterminate procedure on her big toes. Whatever the procedure was, it was not documented by Dr. Sides in his "Operative Procedure Report;" however, the perioperative nursing and anesthesia records clearly indicate that some type of big toe surgery was performed. Following her knee replacement and toe surgeries, Ms. Guevara developed an infection in her left knee which required that she undergo a second surgery to debride the infection and receive intravenous antibiotics.
Ms. Guevara filed her Plaintiff's Original Petition on March 2, 2006. In her petition, she complains that Dr. Sides was negligent in operating on her big toes during a total left knee replacement. Specifically, she alleges that Dr. Sides was negligent in performing a bilateral ingrown toenail removal procedure during the same procedure as a total knee arthroplasty, failing to obtain informed consent from Ms. Guevara regarding the increased risk of infection in the knee by doing both procedures at the same time, performing the two procedures before Ms. Guevara's chronically infected ingrown toenails healed, and performing elective surgery when she had a pre-operative fever. Ms. Guevara contends that as a result of Dr. Sides' negligence, she suffered pain, mental anguish, disfigurement, physical impairment, and incurred medical expenses.
An arthroplasty is the plastic surgery of a joint such as the hip or knee: the operative formation or restoration of a joint. WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 123 (1993).
On June 8, 2006, in compliance with Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Appellant served the expert report and curriculum vitae of Dr. Jeff Cartwright on Dr. Sides. Dr. Sides filed a Motion to Dismiss and Objection to the Sufficiency of Plaintiff's Expert Report pursuant to Sections 74.051(a)-(b) and ( l) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, arguing that the report was deficient and, therefore, did not constitute an objective good faith effort to comply with the law. Specifically, Dr. Sides contended that the report failed to adequately address the standard of care, breach, and causation, and that consequently, Ms. Guevara's suit against him must be dismissed.
After a hearing, the trial court denied Dr. Sides' motion to dismiss. This interlocutory appeal follows.
Jurisdiction
We first acknowledge the controversy regarding whether we possess interlocutory jurisdiction over a defendant physician or health care provider's appeal of a trial court's denial of a motion to dismiss based on the inadequacy of the plaintiff's expert report.
Intermediate courts of appeal do not have jurisdiction to review interlocutory trial court orders absent some statutory authority. Academy of Oriental Medicine, L.L.C. v. Andra, 173 S.W.3d 184, 185 (Tex.App.-Austin 2005, no pet.), citing Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 352-53 (Tex. 1998). The Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code gives us interlocutory jurisdiction over, inter alia, certain interlocutory trial court orders relating to expert reports in medical negligence lawsuits. See TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(9) and (10) (Vernon Supp. 2006).
Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code mandates that a plaintiff in a health care liability claim serve one or more expert reports, within 120 days of the date of the filing of the original petition, on each party or party's counsel. Each defendant physician or health care provider then has twenty-one days in which to file objections to the report. Failure to do so waives further objection to that particular report. TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006).
If, as to a defendant physician or health care provider, an expert report has not been served within the 120 days as specified by Subsection (a), the trial court, on the motion of the affected physician or health care provider, shall enter an order awarding reasonable attorney's fees and costs incurred by the affected physician or health care provider, and dismissing plaintiffs claim with respect to the physician or health care provider, with prejudice to the refiling of the claim. TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(b). This provision is subject to Section 74.351(c), which provides that if an expert report has not been served within the time period specified by Subsection (a) because elements of the report are found deficient, the court may grant one thirty-day extension to the claimant to cure the deficiency. TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(c).
A court shall grant a motion challenging the adequacy of an expert report only if it appears to the court, after hearing, that the report does not represent an objective good faith effort to comply with the definition of an expert report in Section 74.351(r)(6). TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351( l). Subsection (r)(6) defines an expert report as a written report by an expert that provides a fair summary of the expert's opinions as to the elements of the standard of care, breach of that standard, and how that breach caused the alleged harm. TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(r)(6).
The question before us is whether we have interlocutory jurisdiction to entertain an appeal from a trial court's denial of a motion to dismiss under Section 74.351(b) where the motion to dismiss is not based on plaintiffs failure to serve a report, but rather argues that the report is so deficient as to comprise no report at all.
We have interlocutory jurisdiction over an order of a district court, county court at law, or county court that denies all or part of the relief sought by a motion under Section 74.351(b). TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(9) (Vernon Supp. 2006). We do not have interlocutory jurisdiction over a trial court's granting of a thirty-day extension to cure a deficient report under Section 74.351(c). TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(9). This does not mean, however, that we do not have interlocutory jurisdiction to review a trial court's denial of a defendant's motion to dismiss an expert report that has been timely served but is allegedly deficient.
We also have interlocutory jurisdiction over an order that grants relief under Section 74.351( l). TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(10). This provision is not at issue here.
It is a general rule of statutory construction that we construe a statute in a manner consistent with the Legislature's intent. Helena Chemical Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 493 (Tex. 2001). In so doing, we may consider, inter alia, the legislative history, former statutory provisions, and the consequences of a particular construction. Id.; TEX.GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.023 (Vernon 2005). We must read the statute as a whole and make every attempt to harmonize its various provisions. Marcus Cable Associates, L.P. v. Krohn, 90 S.W.3d 697, 706 (Tex. 2002); Sotelo v. Interstate Financial Corporation, 224 S.W.3d 517, 522 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2007, no pet.).
Construing the provisions in Sections 74.351(a), (b), and (c) in conjunction, we find that the sanctions provided for in Subsection (b) are available to a defendant whether a plaintiff failed to serve a report at all or whether the report was so deficient as to constitute no report.
Under Section 51.014(a)(9) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, an order denying a motion to dismiss under Section 74.351(b) is subject to interlocutory appeal, as long as no extension was either agreed to by the parties pursuant to Subsection (a) and no thirty-day extension was granted under Subsection (c). TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(9). Accordingly, we have interlocutory jurisdiction over an appeal from a trial court's denial of a dismissal under Section 74.351(b) both where there is no report, and where the report was inadequate and no extension to cure was granted by the trial court. Andra, 173 S.W.3d at 188 n. 7; Bogar v. Esparza, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2007 WL 1852904 * 3 (Tex.App.-Austin June 28, 2007, no pet. h.) (If a report does not meet Subsection (r)(6)'s definition of expert report it does not satisfy plaintiff's requirements under Subsection (a) and exposes the plaintiff to sanctions under Subsection (b)).
See Michael S. Hull, et al., House Bill 4 and Proposition 12: An Analysis with Legislative History, 36 TEXTECH L.REV. 212-14 (2005).
Dr. Sides' motion challenged both the adequacy of Dr. Cartwright's report under Section 74.351( l) and sought relief, dismissal with prejudice, and attorney's fees, under Subsection (b). The trial court's order explicitly states that it is denying relief under Sections 74.351(a)-(b) and ( l). Since the trial court found Dr. Cartwright's report to be adequate, the plaintiff had no need to request an extension under Section 74.351(c). Section 51.014(a)(9) provides that we have interlocutory appeal over an order denying relief under Section 74.351(b). TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(9). Thus, reading the statute as a whole, we find that we have interlocutory jurisdiction to hear this appeal.
Having determined that we have interlocutory jurisdiction over this matter, we turn to the merits of Dr. Sides' complaints.
Standard of Review
We review the trial court's decision to deny a motion to dismiss for an abuse of discretion. American Transitional Care Centers of Texas, Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 875 (Tex. 2001); Kendrick v. Garcia, 171 S.W.3d 698, 702-03 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2005, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles or acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner. Kendrick, 171 S.W.3d at 703, citing Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159, 106 S.Ct. 2279, 90 L.Ed.2d 721 (1986). An abuse of discretion does not occur merely because a trial judge decides a matter within its discretion differently than the reviewing court would under similar circumstances. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242.
Ms. Guevara timely served the expert report of Dr. Cartwright on Dr. Sides. Dr. Sides timely filed objections to that report and requested that the trial court dismiss Ms. Guevara's cause of action. An "expert report" is defined as a written report, by an expert, that provides a fair summary of the expert's opinions as of the date of the report, regarding applicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by the physician or heath care provider failed to meet the standards, and the causal relationship between the failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed. TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(r)(6).
An expert report must provide enough information to fulfill two purposes: (1) inform the defendant of the specific conduct the plaintiff has called into question; and (2) provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit. Bowie Memorial Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002), citing American Transitional Care Centers of Texas, Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 879 (Tex. 2001). A report need not marshal all of the plaintiffs proof, but it must include the expert's opinion on the standard of care, breach, and causal relationship. Wright, 79 S.W.3d at 52. In determining whether a report constitutes an objective good faith effort to provide a fair summary of the expert's opinions, the trial court should look no further than the report itself since all the information relevant to the inquiry is contained within the four corners of the document. Id.; TEX.CIV.PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351( l), (r)(6).
Although an expert report need not present all the plaintiffs proof, the expert may not merely state conclusions about the required elements of standard of care, breach, and causation. Wright, 79 S.W.3d at 52. Rather, an expert must explain the basis of his opinions and link his conclusions to the facts. Earle v. Ratliff, 998 S.W.2d 882, 890 (Tex. 1999).
Dr. Sides asserts that Appellant's report is not a good faith effort because it is speculative. He maintains that Dr. Cartwright failed to establish that there was an infection present in Ms. Guevara's big toes when she presented to Dr. Sides with knee pain. As a result, he argues, Dr. Cartwright's report is conclusory on the issues of breach and causation.
Dr. Sides' motion to dismiss in front of the trial court challenged Dr. Cartwright's report on the issues of the standard of care, breach, and causation. Before us, Dr. Sides appears to have abandoned any challenge to Dr. Cartwright's delineation of the standard of care. His brief purports to raise only issues related to his articulation of how the standard was breached and how that caused Ms. Guevara damages. Both in the brief and at oral argument, however, the argument focused solely on whether Dr. Cartwright's report was sufficient as to the causation element. Accordingly, Appellant has waived any challenges to Dr. Cartwright's expert report as to the elements of standard of care and breach. See TEX.R.APP.P. 38.1(h); Marquez v. Providence Memorial Hosp., 57 S.W.3d 585, 594 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2001, pet. denied). Therefore, we focus our review only on whether Dr. Cartwright's report was sufficient as to causation.
Dr. Cartwright's report states the following:
1. The failure on behalf of Dr. Eric Sides to examine, evaluate, and assess not only the status of Mrs. Guevara's toe nails and the recent surgical wounds pursuant to Dr. Penninck's surgery but also the impact of such upon the planned elective total knee replacement is not consistent with the standard of care.
2. The failure on behalf of Dr. Sides to counsel Mrs. Guevara prior to surgery regarding the potential impact that her ongoing toe problems and the need for any surgery to treat her toes might have on her total knee so that Mrs. Guevara had the opportunity to decide if she wished to postpone that entirely elective procedure, is not consistent with the standard of care. This failure to counsel appropriately means that she was not adequately informed of the risks associated with performing a knee replacement in the presence of a persistently infected surgical site distal to the knee to be replaced. Since she was not appropriately and adequately informed, she could not have provided adequate informed consent. Therefore, not only is Dr. Sides' failure to obtain adequate informed consent inconsistent with the standard of care but may also be an infraction of the Rules and Regulations of the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners.
3. The failure on behalf of Dr. Sides to document the procedures he obviously performed on Mrs. Guevara's toes at the time of the knee replacement is not consistent with the standard of care. In addition, this documentation failure may be a violation pursuant to the Rules and Regulations of the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners.
4. The performance of an elective total knee replacement in the presence of an active infection at an unhealed surgical site in the same extremity distal to the planned knee arthroplasty is not consistent with the standard of care.
The evaluation and management provided by Dr. Sides is inexcusable. He appears to have been completely unaware that she had recent surgery on her big toes. He appears to have been completely unaware that she had an ongoing problem with her big toes and to only have discovered this at the time of surgery. This oversight is inexcusable and represents a terribly incomplete and insufficient approach to the evaluation and management of this patient. Dr. Sides' proposal to proceed with an elective knee replacement was thus based on an inappropriately brief and insufficient evaluation. It is simply inexcusable not to have identified the problem Mrs. Guevara was having with her big toes until after he had performed the left knee replacement.
In addition, Dr. Sides' failure to document the surgery he performed on Mrs. Guevara is deplorable. Since Dr. Sides did not document that he had performed any procedures on Mrs. Guevara's big toes in his 'Operative Procedure Report', it is unclear what exactly was done, nor whether the toes were addressed first or whether the knee was replaced first. . . . It is unclear whether he discovered the presence of the problem with her toes until after he had already replaced the knee or whether he knew about it beforehand and replaced the knee regardless.
. . .
This failure on behalf of Dr. Eric Sides to practice in accordance with the standard of care is made even more egregious when the entire sequence could have been obviated by simply examining the patient's toes before recommending and before performing an entirely elective knee replacement procedure. Had Dr. Sides identified the problem Mrs. Guevara was having with her toes prior to performing the elective knee replacement he should have counseled the patient as to the potential increased perioperative risk of infection and either he or the patient or both could have decided to post-pone the surgery until her toes had healed.
The peer reviewed orthopedic literature clearly establishes that one of the contra-indications to performing an elective knee replacement for osteoarthritis is the presence of infection or an unhealed wound. This has been substantiated by a variety of studies which clearly report that performing a knee replacement in the presence of infection or in the presence of an unhealed wound peripherally in the same limb, increases the risk of infection dramatically. By virtue thereof, the infection or wound should first be treated and eradicated or healed prior to performing an entirely elective knee arthroplasty. Dr. Sides' inappropriately cursory assessment of Mrs. Guevara and his performance of an elective knee replacement pursuant to that cursory evaluation reflects a complete and utter failure to appreciate and consider the reported and well established contraindications for a knee replacement in the orthopedic literature and a blatant and reckless disregard for this patient's well being.
. . .
His management was flagrantly inconsistent with the standard of care and probably also the laws of the State of Texas and represents both the factual and proximate cause of her subsequent knee infection and need for additional surgery and IV antibiotics.
Dr. Sides' chief complaint about Dr. Cartwright's opinion is that he does not ever state that there was an infection present at the time of the knee replacement. Ms. Guevara counters that this information was unavailable to Dr. Cartwright because Dr. Sides failed to document the status of Ms. Guevara's toes at the time of the surgery.
The case presently before us is similar to our previous decision in Gallardo v. Ugarte, 145 S.W.3d 272 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2004, pet. denied). In Ugarte, the expert report in question faulted Dr. Ugarte for failing to assess and diagnose his patient. The report addressed the lack of information in the medical records, noting that Dr. Ugarte failed to accurately assess and diagnose the patient and, further, failed to explain his actions in his notes. It was these failures, the report concluded, that caused the death of the patient. Ugarte, 145 S.W.3d at 279. We held that the expert report in Ugarte represented a good-faith effort to provide a fair summary of the expert's opinions as to causation because it indicated that if the proper steps had been taken, the injury could have prevented from occurring or progressing. Id. at 280.
Ugarte was decided under the old law which was repealed in 2003. See Act of May 30, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, § 1, 1977 TEX. GEN. LAWS 2039, amended by Act of May 1, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 140, § 1, sec. 13.01(d), 1995 TEX. GEN. LAWS 985, 986, repealed by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, §§ 10.01, 10.09, 2003 TEX. GEN. LAWS 847, 884. The standards we used to determine the adequacy of a report, as laid out by Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 873, and its progeny, however, remain the same.
Likewise, Dr. Cartwright's report specifically and repeatedly postulates that it was Dr. Sides' failure to appreciate Ms. Guevara's toe problems and failure to document what type of surgery he performed that breached the standard of care and caused Ms. Guevara's knee infection. Dr. Cartwright details the repeated failure of Dr. Sides" to properly evaluate Ms. Guevara prior to surgery and states that this level of care was "flagrantly inconsistent with the standard of care" and is the cause of her subsequent need for additional surgery.
In support of his arguments, Dr. Sides relies on Jernigan v. Langley, 195 S.W.3d 91 (Tex. 2006). Langley, however, is distinguishable from the case before us. In Langley, the Court determined that the expert report in question omitted at least one of the requisite statutory elements and ordered the case dismissed with prejudice. Id. at 94. There, the plaintiff filed two expert reports. However, only one expert even mentioned Dr. Jernigan, and that mention was limited to a single sentence. Langley, 195 S.W.3d at 93. In finding this brief note insufficient, the Court stated that:
This passing reference does not identify with specificity any action or inaction by Dr. Jernigan that breached the applicable standard of care. This perfunctory mention alleges no misconduct whatsoever, much less discusses the required elements with 'sufficient specificity' to inform Dr. Jernigan of 'the conduct the plaintiff has called into question.'
Id., quoting Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 875. The Court concluded that the court of appeals, in finding the report sufficient, indulged in multiple inferences that were not supported by the report. Langley, 195 S.W.3d at 93-4.
Here, there is no question whether Dr. Cartwright's report properly identifies Dr. Sides as the physician who was allegedly negligent. Moreover, Dr. Cartwright's expert report lays out his opinions with "sufficient specificity" to inform Dr. Sides of the specific conduct that Ms. Guevara has called into question. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879. Dr. Cartwright specifically states that Dr. Sides should have appreciated Ms. Guevara's ongoing toe problems, counseled her regarding, the risk of operative infection, and documented the procedure he performed on her toes during the knee surgery. He further states that the management of Ms. Guevara's care was inconsistent with the standard of care and the cause of her subsequent knee infection and need for further surgery and IV antibiotics.
The two purposes of the expert report are to inform the defendant of the specific conduct the plaintiff calls into question and to provide the trial court with a basis to conclude that plaintiff's claims are meritorious. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879. Dr. Cartwright's report is sufficiently detailed to notify Dr. Sides of the conduct Ms. Guevara calls into question, the actions Dr. Sides should have taken, and the ways in which he failed. The trial court could have reasonably determined that the report provided a fair summary of Dr. Cartwright's opinions as to causation because it linked the failures of Dr. Sides to appreciate and diagnose Ms. Guevara's toe problems and to document the surgery he performed to the subsequent infection in her knee. Therefore, we find that the trial court did not commit an abuse of discretion by denying Dr. Sides motion to dismiss.
Having found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we overrule Appellant's issue and affirm the judgment of the trial court.