Opinion
A00A0049.
DECIDED: JUNE 7, 2000
Armed robbery, etc. Chatham Superior Court. Before Judge Karpf.
Jackson Schiavone, Michael G. Schiavone, for appellant.
Spencer Lawton, Jr., District Attorney, Ann M. Elmore, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
Leavon Shuman, Jr. appeals his convictions for armed robbery, aggravated assault, and possession of a knife during commission of a felony. He enumerates as error the trial court's denial of his motion to strike O.C.G.A. § 17-10-7 (b) as unconstitutional, the trial court's charge to the jury that the testimony of a single witness is sufficient to establish a fact, and the trial court's decision to allow similar transaction evidence. For reasons that follow, we affirm.
On July 4, 1997, a man robbed the front desk clerk at the Villager Lodge in Savannah. He jumped over the counter, held a knife to the clerk's side, and vaulted back over the counter after grabbing bills from the cash register. The robber entered the hotel lobby about 10 minutes before the attack and engaged in casual conversation with the clerk.
About 30 minutes after the robbery, officer Small-Lloyd responded to a call that a suspect had been seen in a supermarket near the hotel. The officer found that Shuman fit the description of the clerk's assailant, and the clerk identified Shuman as her attacker when the officer escorted him back to the hotel.
The State produced evidence that Shuman had robbed the desk clerks at the Hampton Inn, Fairfield Inn, Econo Lodge, Imperial Suites, Villager Lodge, and Budget Inn, all in Savannah or Chatham County. In five of the foregoing incidents, Shuman either jumped over or went around the counter to take cash from the hotel register. In four of the incidents, he threatened the clerk with a weapon. The State produced certified copies of Shuman's convictions in connection with all six incidents.
1. Pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 17-10-7 (b), Shuman was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for this armed robbery conviction. Shuman contends that under both the United States and Georgia Constitutions, O.C.G.A. § 17-10-7 (b) violates his right to due process and his right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Shuman's argument is foreclosed by the Georgia Supreme Court's decision in Ortiz v. State, 266 Ga. 752, 754 (2) (a) ( 470 S.E.2d 874) (1996).
2. Shuman assigns error to the following jury charge: "The testimony of a single witness, if believed by you, is generally sufficient to establish a fact." Shuman acknowledges that this is a correct statement of the law. See O.C.G.A. § 24-4-8. He contends, however, that the charge is error because it is incomplete. While it is true that there are exceptions to the rule expressed in the charge, such as accomplice testimony or prosecutions for treason and perjury, none of the exceptions apply here. A jury charge can be adjusted to the facts. See Ceasar v. State, 239 Ga. App. 752, 753 (2) ( 521 S.E.2d 866) (1999); Howard v. State, 192 Ga. App. 813, 814 (3) ( 386 S.E.2d 667) (1989). The charge given was good law and appropriate to this case. The trial court did not err in giving it.
3. In his final enumeration of error, Shuman complains that the trial court erred by allowing evidence of the six previous hotel robberies. At the pretrial hearing, the trial court ruled that the similar transaction evidence was not offered solely to impugn Shuman's character, but for the appropriate purposes of showing identity, bent of mind, and course of conduct. The trial court also found that the State could sufficiently prove the prior offenses and that there was a striking similarity between the former offenses and the one on trial. See Williams v. State, 261 Ga. 640, 642 (2) (b) ( 409 S.E.2d 649) (1991). Shuman argues that while similar transaction evidence may be allowed to show identity, the trial court was required to weigh the probative value of the evidence against the danger of substantial prejudice. See Brockman v. State, 263 Ga. 637, 640 (3) ( 436 S.E.2d 316) (1993). Shuman further contends that the trial court must consider whether similar transaction evidence is needed to prove an issue, or whether the issue can be proved in another manner. See Smith v. State, 232 Ga. App. 290, 293 (1) ( 501 S.E.2d 523) (1998). Given that eyewitness testimony provided the State with the evidence of identity, Shuman argues that the prejudice to him of the similar transaction evidence outweighed its probative value because evidence of the six prior crimes and the certified copies of the convictions was duplicative and excessive.
We find Shuman's arguments unpersuasive. We have upheld the introduction into evidence of multiple similar transactions. See, e.g., Simmons v. State, 266 Ga. 223, 224 (2) (a) ( 466 S.E.2d 205) (1996) (eight instances). And certified copies of convictions are admissible when they are helpful in proving the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator of a similar transaction offense and are not the sole evidence of a previous crime. See Allison v. State, 213 Ga. App. 195, 196 (1) (b) ( 444 S.E.2d 347) (1994). See also Culver v. State, 230 Ga. App. 224, 229 (3) ( 496 S.E.2d 292) (1998); Posey v. State, 222 Ga. App. 405, 406 (1) ( 474 S.E.2d 206) (1996) (physical precedent only).
The similar transaction evidence presented by the State was highly probative. Shuman's defense was identity, and the eyewitness testimony of the clerk provided the only direct evidence of Shuman's identity as the perpetrator. The elements of this crime do not seem unusual at first: a robbery of a hotel clerk in Savannah in which the perpetrator leaps over the counter, uses a knife to threaten the victim, and engages in small talk before the crime. But when this hotel robbery is compared to the six previous hotel robberies committed by Shuman, the similarities in the offenses become so striking as to constitute evidence of a "signature crime". See Smith v. State, 235 Ga. App. 134, 139 (4) ( 508 S.E.2d 490) (1998); Shaw v. State, 211 Ga. App. 647, 648-649 (1) ( 440 S.E.2d 245) (1994). The probative value of the similar transaction evidence to show Shuman's identity as the perpetrator of this robbery was increased with evidence of each additional offense; it was not merely cumulative. Therefore, the similar transaction evidence was more probative than prejudicial, and the trial court did not err in allowing it. Judgment affirmed. Pope, P.J., and Miller, J., concur.