Opinion
08-25-1913
SCHNEIDER et al. v. SCHMIDT et al.
William A. Lord, of Orange, for complainants. Alfred F. Stevens, of Newark, for defendants.
Creditors' bill by Dinah Schneider and another against Emma Schmidt and another. Heard on pleadings and proofs. Bill dismissed.
William A. Lord, of Orange, for complainants.
Alfred F. Stevens, of Newark, for defendants.
EMERY, V. C. Complainants, Dinah Schneider and Valentine, her husband, are creditors of the defendants, Charles Schmidt and John Huber; their debt being founded on a decree of this court, obtained on October 4, 1904, for the payment of $1,004, besides costs, all of which, with interest, is still due, except $100, which was realized by sale under execution of the right of defendant debtor Schmidt in certain real estate. Under execution upon this decree, issued in the cause, on August 22, 1911, levy was made by the sheriff on August 31, 1911, upon a carrousel or merry-go-round, with its engine, boiler, organ, and other equipments, in the possession and management of the defendant Emma Schmidt, wife of the judgment debtor, and then located at Hillside Park, Newark, N. J. Previous to the securing of the decree, and on November 4, 1903, Charles Schmidt and John Huber had given a chattel mortgage to Mrs. Schmidt upon a carrousel, with its engine, boiler, and equipments, then located at Passaic Wharf, Newark, N. J., to secure $1,500, with interest for one year. Complainants issued an execution on their decree under which a levy was made on November 2, 1905, upon the mortgaged chattels, and, in a suit afterwards brought in this court to set aside the mortgage as invalid and fraudulent, a decision was rendered sustaining the mortgage and advising a dismissal of the will.
The present bill charges that in the year 1907, and after default in payment, Mrs. Schmidt took possession of the mortgaged chattels as mortgagee in possession and has since continued in possession thereof as such mortgagee. Complainants claim that the chattels of which she took possession under her mortgage are the same chattels as those upon which the levy under their said execution was made in August, 1911, and that Mrs. Schmidt, since taking possession as such mortgagee, has received the rents and profits of their use without accounting therefor or applying the same to the redemption of her mortgage, and that such receipts, over and above the expenses of operation and maintenance of the carrousel, have been more than sufficient to pay the entire amount due on the mortgage; that these receipts have not been so applied, but the mortgage has been kept alive and uncanceled, in order to impair complainants' lien under their execution. An account of the amount due is prayed, with an application of payments to the mortgage, and the sale of the carrousel under complainants' execution free of the incumbrance.
In reference to the claim that Mrs. Schmidt took possession as mortgagee in 1907, the complainants' bill specially charges that by her petition filed in this suit, after the levy on the execution in August, 1911, and to prevent an injunction against the sale thereunder, she set up an agreement of the mortgagors in 1907 to transfer to her all their right, title, and interest in the chattels so that she might become owner, and that she took possession as owner and has remainedin possession thereof and from time to time purchased new appliances to replace portions of the old carrousel.
The defendant Mrs. Schmidt (who answers jointly with her husband) admits taking possession in 1907 of the chattels mortgaged to her, under an agreement with the mortgagors to transfer all their right and interest to her, so that she might become owner, and that she then took possession as owner and has since remained in possession; she herself conducting the business of running. At the time of this taking possession, about February 14, 1907, the goods, she claims, were sold at public auction for $650, their full value at that time; and after her acquiring the property in 1907, and before the levy, she had largely replaced the equipments of the carrousel, so that at the time of the levy in August, 1911, the only portions of the original carrousel left were the rim and a few small figures. The identity of the chattels included in the mortgage with the chattels levied on is denied.
Defendant also, as an additional defense, claims that the complainants' delay, and their omission to proceed on their previous executions issued on the decree, allowing her to incur the expense and risk of maintaining and operating the carrousel, amounted to an abandonment of a claim that there was any value in the mortgaged chattels beyond her mortgage, and complainants are now barred from any equitable relief by way of accounting.
Evidence was taken at the hearing bearing upon the question of the amount of rents, profits, and income from the business since defendant took possession, and which would show apparently that the expenses for maintenance, repairs, new equipments, etc., were largely paid out of the receipts of Mrs. Schmidt from the business, and that (if no allowance to her for her services in managing the business) the amount of profits she has made from the business is sufficient, and more than sufficient, to pay her mortgage, if the complainants at the time of their levy were entitled to redeem the mortgage and have an accounting.
The primary question to be decided is the right of complainant, as a creditor under the execution and levy set out in the bill, to any accounting against Mrs. Schmidt as mortgagee.
So far as relates to personal property, a judgment creditor's right to an accounting against a mortgagee depends not upon the judgment or decree alone, as is the case of real estate, but upon the lien obtained under the execution, which lien alone gives the creditor any right or standing for an accounting or other relief against the judgment creditors or those claiming under them. Dunham v. Cox, 10 N. J. Eq. 437-467, 64 Am. Dec. 460 (Err. & App. 1855); Hall v. Nash, 58 N. J. Eq. 554, 43 Atl. 683 (Err. & App. 1899). This distinction as to the time when the judgment creditor's right attaches is important and in the present case is vital.
For the levy on personal property is a seizure of the judgment debtor's rights at the time of the delivery of the execution to the sheriff, and the judgment debtor, therefore, stands in the debtor's place, and the property levied on is subject to all valid transfers previously made, whether to mortgagees or others.
A transfer of personal property previously made is subject to attack by an existing creditor claiming under a subsequent execution if the transfer of his equity was in effect substantially a gift of the debtor's property in fraud of creditors or otherwise substantially a fraud.
But a mortgagor may release or convey the equity of redemption to the mortgagee; and, although always subject to inquiry in a court of equity, the transfer, if fairly made, is binding upon the mortgagor and those claiming under him by rights in the property subsequently acquired. There is no question, I think, that upon the facts proved the mortgaged chattels in their condition, when taken over by the mortgagee in 1907, were not worth the amount then due upon the mortgage. The carrousel and equipments were originally bought by Schmidt and Huber in 1899 for $2,300, $1,000 of which was secured by a chattel mortgage to the vendor. It had been in use since that time and was property of a character which rapidly deteriorated in value unless kept in repair and renewed. A dealer in these equipments, who saw the carrousel about the time of the transfer and subsequently renewed or replaced a large portion of the equipment, fixes its value as not over $1,100 at that time. This is the most reliable evidence given as to the value. The amount then due on the chattel mortgage, $1,500 principal sum with over three years' interest at 6 per cent. from November, 1906, was over $1,800, and I am satisfied on the proof that the equity of redemption, if then conveyed to the mortgagee in satisfaction of the mortgage, would have been a sale or transfer which could not have been questioned by the mortgagors or those subsequently claiming under them as invalid on the ground that any property of the mortgagors was conveyed in fraud of creditors. Complainants, as existing creditors under their decree obtained before the release of the equity, would have the right to question such transfer by way of gift, even under their subsequent levy, standing in this respect in a different situation from a creditor who became such after the gift, and therefore could not question it unless made with actual fraudulent intent. Hagerman v. Buchanan, 45 N. J. Eq. 292, 17 Atl. 946, 14 Am. St. Rep. 732 (Err. & App. 1889).
Complainants' right to redeem depends, therefore, on the decision of the question whether in 1907 a valid transfer of the equity in the property was made by the mortgageesto the mortgagors. The facts proved show that in the early part of 1907, and after default, proceedings took place which were intended to be a public sale under Mrs. Schmidt's chattel mortgage, conducted by her attorney, Edward Beers. An advertisement of the sale, signed by him, has been produced, dated on the 8th day of February, 1907, announcing the sale at No. 11 Lentz avenue, Newark, N. J., where the goods were then stored on February 14, 1907 at 10 o'clock a. m. No proof, however, has been made as to the posting or other notice of any advertisements, and the only proof relating to the sale is that of the defendants Mrs. Schmidt and Huber, who say substantially that there was a public sale at that place at which the mortgaged chattels were then and there offered for sale at public auction, and that Mr. Huber made a bid of $600, followed by a bid of $650 made by Mrs. Schmidt for which the property was sold to her. No bill of sale or other writing appears to have been executed at this time, but subsequently Huber, by a bill of sale dated April 4, 1907, for the consideration stated of $650 conveyed the mortgaged chattels to Mrs. Schmidt, with warranty. The original mortgage given by Schmidt and Huber to Mrs. Schmidt, on property belonging to Schmidt and Huber as partners in the merry-go-round business, bound Huber and Schmidt jointly for the whole amount of the mortgage. This point was decided in the suit to set aside the mortgage. This conveyance by Huber was made, as the proofs show, after the foreclosure sale in consideration of his being released from any further demands on the mortgage and in order to transfer all rights in the property to Mrs. Schmidt The bill of sale on its face conveyed the chattels, not merely Huber's interest in them. Mr. Schmidt did not join in this bill of sale, nor does he appear to have executed any writings as evidence of a transfer of his interest. Mrs. Schmidt, by virtue of this oral purchase at public sale and of this bill of sale of Huber, took possession of the property sold and recorded the bill of sale on April 18, 1907, but did not cancel or satisfy the mortgage. This possession was taken by the consent both of her husband and Huber. From the time of taking possession, the possession has been to the knowledge both of Huber and her husband that of an absolute owner, and so far as relates to both Schmidt and Huber, the mortgagors, this was the character of the possession at the time of the levy on the execution under which complainant now seeks to enforce a right of redemption. Complainant claims that the transfer by public sale has not been proved inasmuch as it has not been shown that public notice was given and was invalid because there was no written bill of sale or transfer.
And it is also claimed that inasmuch as the mortgage was one from a husband to his wife, and therefore good only in equity (Garwood v. Garwood, 56 N. J. Eq. 265, 38 Atl. 954 [Reed, V. C, 1897]), title to the equity on redemption could be transferred only by a bill to foreclose in equity. In my judgment, however, the substantial question is whether, on all the facts in the case, a transfer of the equity of redemption in the mortgaged chattels, valid in a court of equity as against the mortgagees or any creditors claiming under them by subsequent levy, has been made. And upon this question my conclusion upon the facts proved is that such valid transfer was made and has been perfected by a delivery to the mortgagee of the mortgaged chattels which, at the time of the delivery, were not worth the amount of the mortgaged debt. Huber understood that he was absolutely discharged from any further liability under the mortgage and his evidence is not denied by Mrs. Schmidt. Whether, as against the husband, the mortgage is satisfied is immaterial on this inquiry, for as he consented to the sale and transfer to Mrs Schmidt, as the owner the only right which the subsequent execution creditor has to attack the transfer is upon the ground of fraud, as being substantially a gift of the debtor's property, and a mere colorable transfer in fraud of his creditors. Title to personal property is fully transferred by delivery intended to transfer title, and the acquiescence of the mortgagors in the delivery and possession by the mortgagee, under the proceedings for public sale, followed by Huber's bill of sale, operated to transfer the legal title of the mortgagors, and as to them, and all persons standing in their place, to foreclose the equity of redemption.
One partner has power by a bill of sale to convey the title to the personal property of the firm in payment of its debts. Boswell v. Green, 25 N. J. Law, 390, pages 395, 396 (Sup. Ct. 1856, Potts, J.); 22 A. & E. Ency. 150. The addition of a seal to the bill of sale by one partner does not affect its validity, if the sale is consummated by delivery. Anderson v. Tompkins 1 Brock, 456, Fed. Cas. No. 365 (Marshall, Ch. J., 1820); Everit v. Strong, 5 Hill (N. Y.) 163 (1843).
Complainant insists that in her petition for injunction against the sale under complainants' execution, Mrs. Schmidt, who set up the foreclosure sale, substantially admitted that after this sale she held possession partly as mortgagee, and this admission is relied on, in connection with the other facts, as establishing the nature of her claim. On her whole petition, however, she puts her claim to the goods primarily on the ground of ownership, following the sale, and the delivery, and it is only in case such claim fails that she claims to be mortgagee. The petition did not set up the sale from Huber, which, however, was proved at the hearing in this case, and the admissions in the petition being sworn to, while evidential, are not conclusive as to petitioner's title, and she is entitled on this application for redemptionand account to set up and prove her title as owner under the bill of sale.
On the whole case proved, I conclude that as against the complainants' claiming under the levy, on the execution set out on their bill, the defendants are entitled to hold as owners all of the property levied on, including as well the property originally taken or covered by the mortgage as the portions thereof replaced or renewed by the defendant, and that under such levy the complainants have no right to redeem. This conclusion renders it unnecessary to consider the other question raised in defense of the claim to redeem, viz., the identity of the goods levied on with the mortgaged chattels, and the effect of the renewal or additions to the carrousel made by Mrs. Schmidt after taking possession, and the further question whether complainants' right to any equitable relief has been barred by delay or laches.
Decree will be advised dismissing the bill; but in view of the fact that Mrs. Schmidt, did in her petition for injunction set up a claim as mortgagee, which complainant was justified in probing by the bill he has filed, no costs will be allowed.