The basic rule of damages in a case of unfair competition is the amount which the plaintiff would have made, except for the defendant's wrong. ( Santa's Workshop v. Sterling, 2 A.D.2d 262, 267; Michel Cosmetics v. Tsirkas, 282 N.Y. 195, supra.) On the record before us, we are not persuaded that an award of the defendants' entire profits, as found by the Referee, would be proper in the circumstances of this case.

Norwich Pharmacal Co. v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 2 Cir., 271 F.2d 569, 571, certiorari denied 362 U.S. 919, 80 S.Ct. 671, 4 L.Ed.2d 739. See Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 3rd Dep't, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839; Upjohn Co. v. Schwartz, 2 Cir., 246 F.2d 254. Cf. Yale Elec. Corp. v. Robertson, 2 Cir., 26 F.2d 972. That plaintiffs' and defendant's restaurants are far apart is not necessarily a decisive fact. See, e.g., Ambassador East, Inc. v. Orsatti, Inc., 3 Cir., 257 F.2d 79 (Chicago "Pump Room" obtains injunction against Philadelphia restaurant); Stork Restaurant, Inc. v. Sahati, 9 Cir., 166 F.2d 348 (New York "Stork Club" obtains injunction against San Francisco tavern); Vaudable v. Montmartre, Inc., 20 Misc.2d 757, 193 N.Y.S.2d 332 (Paris "Maxim's" obtains injunction against New York restaurant). Appellant also claims that the dismissal of an application by appellees for an injunction pursuant to New York Penal Law McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 40, § 964, which makes it a misdemeanor for one with intent to deceive the public to assume the corporate, assumed, or trade name of another and provides for injunctive relief, is res judicata here.

Restatement of Torts, Sec. 741 (1938), Lucien Lelong, Inc. v. Lander Co., 2 Cir., 1947, 164 F.2d 395. In cases where the New York courts have occasionally granted relief without proof of secondary meaning, one of the aforementioned predatory practices was established: In Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 3d Dept. 1956, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839, it was palming off; in Oneida, Ltd. v. National Silver Co., Sup.Ct.Madison Co. 1940, 25 N.Y.S.2d 271 and Avon Periodicals v. Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., 1st Dept. 1953, 282 App. Div. 200, 122 N.Y.S.2d 92, it was actual deception; in Dior v. Milton, Sup.Ct.N.Y.Co. 1956, 9 Misc.2d 425, 155 N.Y.S.2d 443, affirmed 1st Dept. 1956, 2 A.D.2d 878, 156 N.Y.S.2d 996, and Metropolitan Opera Ass'n v. Wagner-Nichols Record Corp., Sup.Ct.N.Y. Co. 1950, 199 Misc. 786, 101 N.Y.S.2d 483, affirmed 1st Dept. 1951, 279 App. Div. 632, 107 N.Y.S.2d 795, it was violation of plaintiff's property rights. The federal decisions fall into the same pattern: Artype, Incorporated v. Zappulla, 2 Cir., 1956, 228 F.2d 695, and Flint Co. v. Oleet Jewelry Manufacturing Co., D.C.S.D.N.Y. 1955, 133 F. Supp. 459 (actual deception); Upjohn Company v. Schwartz, 2 Cir., 1957, 246 F.2d 254 (palming off); International News Service v. Associated Press, 1918, 248 U.S. 215, 39 S.Ct. 68, 63 L.Ed. 211 (appropriation of property rig

There the court found that "the tendency of the similarity of the brand and accompanying design, and of the make-up of the packages, to mislead ultimate consumers, is so evident, that it seems to us a case of unfair competition is made out" (240 U.S. at pages 423-424, 36 S.Ct. at page 364). On appeal from a judgment in the plaintiff's favor in Santa's Workshop v. Sterling, 3rd Dept. 1956, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839, the court affirmed but reduced the judgment, one judge dissenting and voting to dismiss. The facts showed such an obvious theft of the plaintiff's business ideas, physical layout and advertising that the fraudulent nature of the defendant's competition was most apparent.

e Hygienic Specialties Co. v. H.G. Salzman, Inc., 302 F.2d 614, 619 (2d Cir. 1962); Norwich Pharmacal Co. v. Sterling Drug Inc., 271 F.2d 569, 571 (2d Cir. 1959), cert. denied, 362 U.S. 919, 80 S.Ct. 671, 4 L.Ed.2d 739 (1960); Speedry Prods., 271 F.2d at 649; Mastercrafters Clock Radio Co. v. Vacheron Constantin-Le Coultre Watches, Inc., 221 F.2d 464, 466 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 832, 76 S.Ct. 67, 100 L.Ed. 743 (1955); Chas. D. Briddell, Inc. v. Alglobe Trading Corp., 194 F.2d 416, 418 (2d Cir. 1952); Crescent Tool Co. v. Kilborn Bishop Co., 247 F. 299, 300 (2d Cir. 1917); Sublime Prods., Inc. v. Gerber Prods., Inc., 579 F. Supp. 248, 251 n. 4 (S.D.N.Y. 1984); Zippo Mfg. Co., 216 F. Supp. at 679-80.Hygienic Specialties, 302 F.2d at 620; Blisscraft of Hollywood v. United Plastics Co., 294 F.2d 694, 698 (2d Cir. 1961); Norwich Pharmacal, 271 F.2d at 571; see Upjohn Co. v. Schwartz 246 F.2d 254 (2d Cir. 1957); Flint v. Oleet Jewelry Mfg. Co., 133 F. Supp. 459 (S.D.N.Y. 1955); Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839 (3d Dep't 1956) (upholding injunction), aff'd, 3 N.Y.2d 757, 143 N.E.2d 529, 163 N.Y.S.2d 986 (1957) (mem.); Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 282 A.D. 328, 122 N YS.2d 488 (3d Dep't 1953) (per curiam) (affirming denial of motion to dismiss); Avon Periodicals, Inc. v. Ziff-Davis Pub. Co., 282 A.D. 200, 122 N.Y.S.2d 92 (1st Dep't 1953); Oneida, Ltd. v. National Silver Co., 25 N.Y.S.2d 271 (Sup.Ct. 1940).

`the amount of loss sustained by it, including opportunities for profit on the accounts diverted from it through defendants' conduct' . . . or, stated differently, `the amount which [Westwood] would have made except for defendant[s'] wrong. . . .'McRoberts Protective Agency, Inc. v. Lansdell Protective Agency, Inc., 61 A.D.2d 652, 655, 403 N.Y.S.2d 511, 513 (1st Dep't 1978) (quoting Duane Jones Co. v. Burke, 306 N.Y. 172, 192, 117 N.E.2d 237, 247 (1954) Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 2 A.D.2d 262, 267, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839, 845 (3d Dep't 1956), aff'd per curiam, 3 N.Y.2d 757, 143 N.E.2d 529, 163 N.Y.S.2d 986 (1957)); see E.W. Bruno Co. v. Friedberg, 21 A.D.2d 336, 341, 250 N.Y.S.2d 187, 192 (1st Dep't 1964). The proper method of computing these damages is to estimate the net profits that Westwood would have earned from Synthetic for a reasonable period of time had Fletcher and Kulick not diverted the account to themselves.

(Footnotes omitted). The New York courts have enjoined palming off, Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839 (1956). Acme cannot be said to have palmed off its mattress covers as those of Perfect Fit's.

Both New York and federal law allow injunctions to issue without proof of secondary meaning in certain limited situations. Norwich Pharmacal Co. v. Sterling Drug, Inc., supra. These involve cases in which the defendant has engaged in various predatory practices such as abuse of confidential business secrets (Noma Lites, Inc. v. Lawn Spray, Inc., supra), breach of fiduciary duty (Flexitized, Inc. v. National Flexitized Corp., supra), or palming off its product as that of plaintiff (Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839 (1956)). In the present case the question comes down to whether Lipton has been attempting to palm off its semimoist cat food as Purina's. The court is of the opinion that Purina has failed to present sufficient evidence to justify preliminary relief at this stage of the litigation.

See Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. v. Majestic Pictures Corp., 70 F.2d 310 (2d Cir. 1934); cf. Hanover Star Milling Co. v. Metcalf, 240 U.S. 403, 422-424, 36 S.Ct. 357, 60 L.Ed. 713 (1916); McLean v. Fleming, 96 U.S. (6 Otto) 245, 24 L.Ed. 828 (1877).See Flexitized, Inc. v. National Flexitized Corp., 214 F. Supp. 664, 672-675 (S.D.N.Y. 1963), aff'd, 335 F.2d 774 (2d Cir. 1964), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 913, 85 S.Ct. 899, 13 L.Ed.2d 799 (1965); Atlantic Monthly Co. v. Frederick Ungar Pub. Co., 197 F. Supp. 524 (S.D.N.Y. 1961); Playland Holding Corp. v. Playland Center, Inc., 1 N.Y.2d 300, 152 N.Y.S.2d 462, 135 N.E.2d 202 (1956); Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 2 A.D.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839 (1956), aff'd mem., 3 N.Y.2d 757, 163 N.Y.S.2d 986, 143 N.E.2d 529 (1957). Atlantic Monthly Co. v. Frederick Ungar Pub. Co., 197 F. Supp. 524, 532 (S.D.N.Y. 1961).

Trademark protection is not afforded a common, generic or surname unless it has acquired such special significance in the public mind that when the name is associated with a product, the public identifies the name as the source of the product. Playland Holding Corp. v. Playland Center, Inc., 1 N Y2d 300, 152 N.Y.S.2d 462, 135 N.E.2d 202 (1956); Ball v. United Artists Corp., 13 App. Div.2d 133, 214 N.Y.S.2d 219 (1st Dept. 1961); Santa's Workshop, Inc. v. Sterling, 2 App. Div.2d 262, 153 N.Y.S.2d 839 (3d Dept. 1956), affirmed, 3 N.Y.2d 757, 163 N.Y.S.2d 986, 143 N.E.2d 529 (1957). The names "Thomson" and "Thomson Industries" have acquired such special significance in the rotary and linear motion bearing fields.