Opinion
No. 04-03-00219-CR
Delivered and Filed: July 7, 2004. DO NOT PUBLISH.
Appeal From the County Court at Law No. 12, Bexar County, Texas, Trial Court No. 805891, Honorable Michael E. Mery, Judge Presiding. Affirmed.
Sitting: Catherine STONE, Justice, Karen ANGELINI, Justice, Sandee Bryan MARION, Justice.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Gilbert Salas was stopped by a police officer for speeding and was arrested for driving while intoxicated. When Salas was searched after the arrest, the officer found marijuana in Salas's pocket. Salas filed a motion to suppress the marijuana evidence, which was denied at the pre-trial hearing. At trial, the jury acquitted Salas of the driving while intoxicated charge but found him guilty of the possession charge, sentencing him to one year of community supervision. On appeal, Salas argues that his arrest violated the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution because the officer had no probable cause to arrest him for driving while intoxicated. Therefore, Salas claims that the marijuana found in his pocket was a fruit of his illegal arrest and should have been suppressed by the trial court. We disagree and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Factual Background
Officer Xavier Cordero's account of the arrest differs between his pre-trial and trial testimony. At the pre-trial hearing, Cordero testified that he received a dispatch call for a vehicle driving recklessly. According to Cordero, he came across the vehicle in question, which was driven by Salas. Cordero paced the speed of Salas's vehicle and determined Salas was speeding. Upon stopping Salas, Cordero smelled alcohol on his breath and asked him to perform field sobriety tests; however, Salas refused. Cordero testified that he arrested Salas for driving while intoxicated because of the odor of Salas's breath and Salas's uncooperative demeanor. Cordero later searched Salas and found the marijuana on him. At trial, Cordero's testimony regarding his observation of Salas changed. The officer stated that he noted in his report that Salas's speech was slurred and that his walking was unbalanced, factors that potentially increased the probable cause for the DWI arrest. During trial, Salas's attorneys never objected to the introduction of Cordero's additional testimony regarding Salas's behavior.Standard of Review
When reviewing a trial court's suppression ruling, appellate courts should afford almost total deference to a trial court's determination of the historical facts that the record supports and to "mixed questions of law and fact," especially when the trial court's fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); State v. Oliver, 29 S.W.3d 190, 191 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2000, pet. ref'd). During a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence, "the trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony." State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Determinations of probable cause are reviewed de novo because they involve mixed questions of law and fact and do not turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State v. Parson, 988 S.W.2d 264, 267 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, no pet). Accordingly, an appellate court should give deference to the trial court's determination of the facts revealed from the trial testimony, and considering those facts, review whether the law was properly applied. Id.Warrantless Arrest
In his first issue, Salas challenges the legality of his arrest. As a general rule, police officers must obtain an arrest warrant prior to conducting an arrest. Parson, 988 S.W.2d at 266. In certain circumstances, however, arrests may be legally procured without a warrant. Id. Chapter 14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure permits officers to conduct warrantless arrests in specific circumstances. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 14.01(b) (Vernon 1977). Article 14.01(b) provides, "A peace officer may arrest an offender without a warrant for any offense committed in his presence or within his view." Id. Article 14.01(b) thus permits a warrantless arrest for driving while intoxicated when the offense is committed in the view or presence of the arresting officer. Warrick v. State, 634 S.W.2d 707, 709 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982).Probable Cause
Salas argues that the trial court should have granted his motion to suppress the marijuana evidence because the marijuana was obtained subsequent to an illegal arrest. Specifically, Salas argues that there was not enough evidence in Cordero's testimony at the pre-trial hearing to establish probable cause for a DWI arrest. Probable cause to support the warrantless arrest of an individual by a police officer is necessary and exists where "the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that a particular person has committed or is committing an offense." Amores v. State, 816 S.W.2d 407, 413 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). The reviewing court must consider the totality of the circumstances in order to determine whether the facts were enough to give the police officer probable cause to arrest the individual. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87. In past cases concerning DWI arrests, courts of appeals have held that some of the "usual signs of intoxication" include dangerous driving, unsteady feet, smelling strongly of intoxicants, and slurred speech. Dyar v. State, 59 S.W.3d 713 (Tex.App.-Austin 2001) aff'd, 125 S.W.3d 460 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003); Kimball v. State, 24 S.W.3d 555 (Tex.App.-Waco, 2000, no pet.); Lopez v. State, 936 S.W.2d 332 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1996, no pet). Likewise, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held signs of intoxication include alcohol on breath, unsteady feet, and driving in a dangerous manner. Dyar v. State, 125 S.W.3d 460 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003); State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Greer v. State, 544 S.W.2d 125 (Tex.Crim.App. 1976); Fontenot v. State, 486 S.W.2d 941 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972). In Ballard, Ballard was arrested and charged with DWI. 987 S.W.2d at 890. Ballard filed a motion to suppress, alleging that items seized from his vehicle were the fruits of an illegal search undertaken pursuant to an unlawful detention and arrest. Id. The court of criminal appeals upheld the appellate court's decision that an officer may search a vehicle's passenger compartment if probable cause exists to arrest the driver. Id. at 891. The court determined there was probable cause for the DWI arrest because the arresting officer testified that Ballard veered to the side and collided with his truck as he walked, his speech was slurred, he had difficulty standing still, and he was unsure about his whereabouts and destination. Id. In this case, Officer Cordero testified at trial that in addition to smelling alcohol on Salas's breath, his speech was slurred and his walking was unbalanced. Cordero's trial testimony is very similar to cases where probable cause was found for a DWI arrest and therefore the State desired this evidence to be used on the appeal. See Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889. Because Cordero's trial testimony would be requisite for probable cause, this court must focus on the fact that the issue was consensually relitigated by the parties during the trial on the merits. The record indicates that the State raised the probable cause issue at trial with subsequent participation in the inquiry by the defense; thus, the defendant effectively reopened the evidence and actively relitigated the issue. See Hardesty v. State, 667 S.W.2d 130, 133 n. 6 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984). The rule is as follows:When appellate courts are asked to determine whether the trial court erred in overruling a pretrial motion the general rule is that we consider only evidence adduced at hearing on that motion and do not resort to testimony subsequently elicited at trial because the ruling in issue was not based on the latter. But where the ground of error complains of the admission of evidence at trial, and the issue has been consensually relitigated by the parties during trial on merits, consideration of the relevant trial testimony is appropriate.Id. We note that the relitigation rule does not require defendants to subsequently object to admission of the same pre-trial evidence at trial in order to preserve error. Gearing v. State, 685 S.W.2d 326, 329 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985), rev'd on other grounds, 956 S.W.2d 33 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Because Salas asked to suppress the marijuana evidence at the pre-trial and this request was overruled, he did not have to object when this evidence was submitted at trial. However, Salas did not object to Cordero's additional testimony at trial regarding Salas's slurred speech and unbalanced walk. In fact, Salas fully participated in the relitigation of the issue in his cross-examination of Cordero. The present matter is analogous to Rachal v. State, where the defendant did not object when the State reintroduced the relevant suppression issues and the defendant fully participated in the relitigation of the issues in his cross-examination of a witness. 917 S.W.2d 799, 809 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Because the court determined that the defendant fully participated in the relitigation of the issues, the court determined that it could properly consider the witness's trial testimony in its review of the trial court's suppression determination. Id. We made a similar decision in Flores v. State, where the defendant stated that he was erroneously convicted for unlawfully carrying a weapon, claiming that the evidence of the guns found in his vehicle should have been suppressed. 895 S.W.2d 435, 438 n. 1 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1995, no pet). At trial, Flores did not object to any additional testimony given by the States' witnesses and defense counsel cross-examined the witnesses. We ultimately decided we would consider the witness's trial testimony in determining whether the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress. Id.