Opinion
No. 2-1174A271.
Filed February 8, 1977. Rehearing denied March 31, 1977. Transfer denied March 25, 1980.
1. APPEAL — Motion to Correct Errors — Failure to Recite That Motion was Filed in Brief. — Where the record clearly showed that appellant filed a motion to correct errors and that such motion was denied, the Court of Appeals would not hold the omission in appellants' brief of a recitation that such motion was filed and denied to be jurisdictional or to constitute a waiver of all issues raised by appellant. p. 113.
2. APPEAL — Motion to Correct Errors — Where Error of Law Alleged. — When any judgment has been entered against someone who alleges that an error of law forms a basis of that judgment, the allegations may be raised in a motion to correct errors. p. 114.
3. APPEAL — Motion — TR. 60 Ground For Relief From Judgment. — A motion which states a TR. 60 ground for relief from judgment should be considered a motion to correct errors, regardless of its denomination, if it is filed within 60 days after the judgment is entered, with no subsequent motion to correct errors required for an appeal unless the trial court alters its judgment. p. 114.
4. APPEAL — Motion to Correct Errors — Failure to Submit Counter-affidavit. — Where appellees ignored their right under TR. 59(D) to contradict appellants' averments in their motion to correct errors by submitting counter-affidavits, the Court of Appeals was bound to accept as true the facts averred in appellants' affidavits. p. 114.
5. PROCEDURE — Where Service of Process Improper. — In action brought as a result of a default on a lease, service of process to wife who had been separated from husband did not conform to TR. 4.1(A) (1) where U.S. Postal Service, which plaintiffs' counsel selected as server of process, did not in fact send summons and complaint to wife's residence, place of business, or place of employment. p. 114.
6. LANDLORD AND TENANT — Lease Made by Husband and Wife — No Partnership by Estoppel Created. — Spouses did not create a partnership by estoppel by entering into a lease of commercial property where spouses held themselves out only as husband and wife and not as partners, thus service of process upon husband did not constitute service upon wife. p. 115.
7. PROCEDURE — TR. 4.15(F) — Where No Service of Process Made on a Party. — TR. 4.15(F), which provides that no summons or service thereof shall be set aside or adjudged insufficient where either is reasonably calculated to inform the person to be served that an action has been instituted against him, the name of the court, and the time within which he is required to respond will not cure service of process when there has been no service on a party. p. 115.
8. TRIAL COURT — Where Service of Process Insufficient — Court Lacked Jurisdiction. — Where service of process in action brought as a result of a default on a lease was not sufficient as to wife, the trial court had no jurisdiction over her and thus the trial court judgment was void as to her. p. 115.
9. APPEAL — Error of Judgment. — On appeal, the Court of Appeals may not reverse the trial court's findings or judgment unless they are clearly erroneous, thus such finding can be set aside only where although there is evidence to support it, a review of the entire record leaves the Court with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake had been made. p. 116.
10. APPEAL — Damage Award. — A judgment setting forth an award of damages will be reversed only if the amount awarded therein was so great as to indicate that the finder of fact considered some improper element or that it was motivated by factors not in issue. p. 117.
11. LANDLORD AND TENANT — No Recovery of Attorney Fees. — Plaintiff-landlords could not recover attorney fees where there was no statute according such right and where the lease did not provide for such recovery. p. 117.
12. LANDLORD AND TENANT — Action for Rent. — In an action for rent, the landlord may recover the entire amount of rent due and unpaid, thus the landlord may bring actions for rent as it becomes due. p. 117.
13. APPEAL — Trial Court Valuation of Personal Property — Could Not be Disturbed. — The Court of Appeals cannot disturb the trial court's valuation of personal property in the face of differing opinions. p. 118.
Appeal from a judgment in favor of plaintiff-landlords in an action brought as the result of a default on a lease.
From the Marion Superior Court, Room 5, Addison M. Dowling, Judge.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part by the First District.
Kent H. Musser, Harvey E. McDonald, McDonald Musser, of Indianapolis, John L. Fox, of Indianapolis, for appellants.
Charles S. Gleason, Rodger K. Hendershot, Waton, Gleason Hay, of Indianapolis, for appellees.
CASE SUMMARY
This cause was transferred from the Second District to this office in order to lessen the disparity in caseloads among the Districts.
Defendants-appellants Ronald G. and Opal V. Roberts appeal from a judgment in a bench trial in favor of plaintiffs-appellees Richard P. and Rena Jo Watson.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
FACTS
This action arose out of a lease executed by the parties on December 1, 1972. The Watsons leased a portion of their commercial building on Shadeland Avenue in Indianapolis to the Roberts for use as a carry-out restaurant.
The Roberts agreed to an annual rental of $5,000.00 to be paid at the rate of $416.66 per month, payable in advance on the first of each month. The term of the lease was to begin when the premises was ready for occupancy and to run for five years thereafter. In the event of a default by the Roberts, the Watsons were provided a lien on the Roberts' personal property which was on the premises and were given the right to take said property. The lease did not mention attorney's fees.
Richard and Ronald disputed when the term began and, therefore, when the initial rent payment fell due.
On October 4, 1973, the Watsons filed their complaint alleging: (1) the execution of the lease, (2) that the term thereof commenced on July 1, 1973, (3) that the Roberts' deposit was applied to the July, 1973, rent, and (4) that the Roberts failed to pay the rent due on the first of August and September, 1973. The Watsons prayed for possession of the premises and for $24,583.34 — the total rent under the lease minus the July, 1973, rent.
Pursuant to court order Ronald was ejected from the premises on November 7, 1973. The trial court on July 13, 1974, entered judgment, stating inter alia:
"And the Court having considered all of the pleadings and evidence admitted herein and being duly and sufficiently advised in the premises now finds for the Plaintiffs on their Complaint and against the Defendants, and further finds for the Plaintiffs and against the Defendants on the Defendants' Counter-Complaint.
"And the Court further finds that the Plaintiffs have been damaged in the total sum of Sixteen Thousand Five Hundred Thirty-one Dollars ($16,531.00) to the date of the entry of this judgment, plus costs.
"And the Court further finds that the reasonable value of the equipment and inventory on November 7, 1973, being the date possession was taken by the Plaintiffs from the Defendants pursuant to Court Order, including improvements and betterments therein contained, if any, was Three Thousand Eighty-nine Dollars and twenty-nine cents ($3,089.29) and that the herein Judgment against the Defendants should be credited by that sum upon the transfer of title to said equipment, inventory, improvements and betterments to the Plaintiffs as hereinafter ordered.
"IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED, that the Plaintiffs shall have judgment for damages to the date of this entry against the Defendants and each of them, jointly and severally, in the sum of Sixteen Thousand Five Hundred Thirty One Dollars ($16,531.00), plus costs of this action.
"IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the Defendants, and each of them, take nothing from and on their Counter-Complaint.
"IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that possession of the premises . . . be, and the same is hereby ordered with and to the Plaintiffs, "and that all title, right and interest, of the Defendants in and to all inventory, equipment, improvements and betterments, if any, contained in or on the premises . . . on the 7th day of November, 1973, be, and the same is hereby vested in the Plaintiffs, jointly and severally, and the aforesaid Judgment is hereby credited with the sum of Three Thousand Eighty-Nine Dollars and Twenty-nine Cents ($3,089.29), being the value thereof as heretofore found by the Court, and the aforesaid judgment is hereby reduced to Thirteen Thousand Four Hundred Forty One Dollars and Seventy one Cents ($13,441.71), plus costs of this action."
ISSUES
1. Did the trial court have personal jurisdiction over Opal?
2. Whether the trial court erred in its treatment of Ronald's evidence pertaining to when the premises was ready for occupancy.
3. Whether the trial court's court award of $16,531 in damages was erroneous.
4. Whether the trial court erred in valuing Ronald's personal property at $3,089.29.
DECISION
The Watsons assert that Ronald, by making no reference in his appellant's brief to the filing and denial of his motion to correct errors, failed to invoke the jurisdiction of this court and waived Issues Two through Four.
According to Ind. Rules of Procedure, Appellate Rule 8.3 (A) (4) the statement of the case in an appellant's brief should include a recitation that a motion to correct errors was filed in the trial court and denied.
However, the record in the case at bar clearly shows the filing of Ronald's motion to correct errors and its denial.
Therefore, we will not hold the omission in this case to be jurisdictional or to constitute a waiver of all issues raised by Ronald. As this court stated in Smith v. Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Co. (1974), 160 Ind. App. 256, 311 N.E.2d 462, 465:
"This court prefers to decide cases on their merits whenever possible . . . Appellant has substantially complied with the requirements of Rule AP. 8.3. We therefore elect to proceed to a determination of the issues presented in this appeal." (Citation omitted)
ISSUE ONE:
As to Opal, the critical question is whether there was sufficient service of process. If not, the trial court did not have personal jurisdiction over her so that its judgment is void as to her. Chesser v. Chesser (1976), 168 Ind. App. 560, 343 N.E.2d 810.
The summons issued in the instant case listed the defendants as "Ronald G. Roberts and Opal V. Roberts [,] 6902 East 48th Street [,] Indianapolis . . ." Counsel for the Watsons designated service by registered or certified mail. The clerk of the trial court certified that the summons and a copy of the complaint were mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the address furnished by the Watsons. The clerk's, return showed that Ronald accepted the summons and complaint.
On July 8, 1974, Opal's counsel filed a motion to correct errors demanding that the judgment not include her inasmuch as she did not receive notice of the action, did not [2, 3] know she was a party thereto until after judgment had been entered against her, and did not authorize Ronald's counsel to represent her. In her supporting affidavit she averred that she had been separated from Ronald since March, 1973, did not see a summons or have one read to her, first learned of the judgment when it was executed against her, and had never seen or communicated with Ronald's counsel. Ronald filed an affidavit to the same effect, and also averred that the summons and complaint were delivered to him at his residence at 7709 E. 47th Street and that he had been the sole proprietor of the restaurant. No opposing affidavits were filed.
Although relief from a void judgment may be sought under Ind. Rules for Procedure Trial Rule 60(B)(6), Opal's motion to correct errors was a permissible vehicle for her challenge. When any judgment has been entered against someone who alleges that an error of law forms a basis of that judgment, the allegations may be raised in a motion to correct errors; a motion which states a TR. 60 ground should be considered a motion to correct errors, regardless of its denomination, if it is filed within 60 days after the judgment is entered — with no subsequent motion to correct errors required for an appeal unless the trial court alters its judgment. Kelley v. Bank of Reynolds (1976), 171 Ind. App. 575, 358 N.E.2d 146; In re the Marriage of Robbins (1976), 171 Ind. App. 509, 358 N.E.2d 153.
Inasmuch as the Watsons ignored their right under Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 59(D) to contradict the Roberts' averments by submitting counter-affidavits, we are bound to accept [4] as true the facts averred in the Roberts' affidavits. Scharbrough v. State (1968), 249 Ind. 316, 232 N.E.2d 592.
Counsel for the Watsons opted to attempt service of process on the Roberts under Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 4.1(A)(1), which provides:
"Service may be made upon an individual . . . by sending a copy of the summons and complaint by registered or certified mail . . . to his residence, place of business or employment with return receipt requested and returned showing receipt of the latter. . . ."
The service of process in the case at bar did not conform to TR. 4.1(A) (1) inasmuch as the United States Postal Service, which the Watsons' counsel selected as the server of [5] process, did not in fact send the summons and complaint to Opal's residence, place of business, or place of employment. We feel that justice is best served by thrusting the risk of the Postal Service's misfeasance upon the parties who elected to utilize that service, rather than allowing Opal to suffer a judgment against her although she was not afforded her right to notice and an opportunity to be heard. We note that the Postal Service could have been requested to "[s]how to whom, date and address where delivered" on the return receipt to insure that the Watsons would have notice of improper service and would have an opportunity to effect proper service.
The Watsons argue that the service of process in this case complied with Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 4.6(A)(2). They contend that Opal and Ronald were partners by estoppel so that service upon Ronald constituted service upon the partnership under TR. 4.6(A) (2).
We decline to hold that spouses create a partnership by estoppel under IC 1971, 23-4-1-16 when they enter into a lease of commercial property. In executing the lease the Roberts [6] held themselves out only as "husband and wife" and not as partners.
The Watsons also rely on Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 4.15(F) for authority that the service of process here was sufficient. However, TR. 4.15(F) will not cure [7] service of process when there has been no service on a party. 1 Harvey, Indiana Practice 415 (1969).
Inasmuch as the service of process in the instant case was not sufficient the trial court had no personal jurisdiction [8] over Opal, as to whom its judgment is void. Chesser v. Chesser, supra.
In Opal's affidavit, she averred that she signed a motion to set aside ejectment bond.
The Watsons maintain that Opal thereby entered an appearance which subjected her to the trial court's power. See Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 4(A); Florida ex rel. O'Malley v. Department of Insurance (1973), 155 Ind. App. 168, 291 N.E.2d 907.
However, the record does not show that the motion signed by Opal was filed with the trial court. Inasmuch as the motion was not entered of record it is not now a proper subject for review. Cooper v. State (1972), 259 Ind. 107, 284 N.E.2d 799. Therefore, we cannot hold that Opal entered an appearance which gave the trial court jurisdiction over her person.
The trial court's judgment must be reversed as to Opal.
ISSUE TWO:
This issue stems from a stipulation of counsel for the Watsons and Ronald. They stipulated, inter alia, that only lease clauses 4, 18, and 23 were in dispute. But the third clause contained the provision that the lease would commence "when ready for occupancy."
At one point, the trial court indicated that it would not admit evidence showing when the premises was ready for occupancy.
Ronald argues that the court therefore had no way to determine when the lease began. He contends that the lease, thus ambiguous, should be construed strictly against its drafter, Richard.
However, our examination of the record reveals that the trial court in fact admitted ample testimony pertaining to when the premises was ready for occupancy. There was testimony by the rental agent, the general contractor for the building, the health inspector, the plumbing and electrical contractors, Ronald, and Richard.
Thus the trial court faced conflicting evidence as to when the term began. As we explained in Seco Chemicals, Inc. v. Stewart (1976), 169 Ind. App. 624, 349 N.E.2d 733, 736-737:
"On an appeal from a trial to the court, we may not reverse the trial court's findings or judgment unless they are clearly erroneous. Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 52(A). Therefore we can set aside such a finding only where — although there is evidence to support it — a review of the entire record leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Citizens Gas and Coke Utility v. Wells (1971), 150 Ind. App. 78, 275 N.E.2d 323. In our review we must give `due regard' to the trial court's assessment of the credibility of the witnesses. TR. 52(A).
"The conflicting evidence here leaves us with no such conviction."
ISSUE THREE:
Ronald challenges the trial court's award of $16,531 in damages. The judgment setting forth the award will be reversed only if the amount awarded therein was so great as to [10] indicate that the finder of fact considered some improper element — or that it was motivated by factors not in issue here. Rondinelli v. Bowden (1973), 155 Ind. App. 582, 293 N.E.2d 812.
Ronald maintains that the trial court erred in considering two improper elements of damages: the Watsons' attorney's fees and their losses sustained in operating the restaurant following Ronald's ejectment.
The Watsons could not recover their attorney's fees from Ronald unless there was an agreement or statute to that effect. Honey Creek Corp. v. WNC Development Co. (1975), 165 Ind. [11] App. 141, 331 N.E.2d 452; 52 C.J.S. Landlord Tenant § 568(d) (1968). We cannot find, and we are not referred to, any statute according the Watsons the right to recover their attorney's fees; nor does the lease in the case at bar provide for the recovery of their attorney's fees.
Therefore, the trial court erred if it considered their attorney's fees in making its award of damages.
In an action for rent, the landlord may recover the entire amount of rent due and unpaid. 52 C.J.S., Landlord Tenant § 568(a). "Consequently . . . the landlord's right of [12] action on the lease for the whole amount of rent reserved matures only at the end of the term when all the installments have matured." 3A G. Thompson, Real Property § 1306, at 492-493 (Grimes 1959 Repl.). The landlord in an action for rent cannot recover rent which is not alleged to be due. Indianapolis, Decatur and Western Railway Co. v. First National Bank of Indianapolis (1893), 134 Ind. 127, 33 N.E. 679; Elmer v. Sand Creek Township (1871), 38 Ind. 56.
However, the landlord may bring actions for rent as it becomes due. E.g. Booher v. Richmond Square, Inc. (1974), 160 Ind. App. 44, 310 N.E.2d 89.
The Watsons' complaint alleged that rent fell due on the first of August and September, 1973, but was not paid. Richard testified that the due but unpaid rent amounted to $833.32.
Therefore, $833.32 was the amount which the Watsons could have properly been awarded.
Inasmuch as the trial court's award was approximately 20 times the proper amount, it is obvious that the trial court considered some improper element of damages.
Its judgment containing the erroneous award must therefore be reversed.
ISSUE FOUR:
Ronald lastly attacks that portion of the trial court's judgment in which it valued his personal property at $3,089.29.
He testified that the restaurant equipment cost $20,500. The Watson's appraiser-witness valued it at approximately $2,600, without objection. On cross-examination, he stated that he did not sell used restaurant equipment.
Ronald asserts that the trial court erred by not accepting his opinion while embracing the opinion of the Watson's witness. However, we cannot disturb the trial court's valuation in [13] the face of the differing opinions. TR. 52(A); Seco Chemicals, Inc. v. Stewart, supra.
CONCLUSION
Pursuant to Ind. Rules of Procedure, Appellate Rule 15(N) we hereby reverse the trial court's judgment as to Opal and remand this cause with instructions that the trial court vacate its judgment as to her.
We also hereby reverse the trial court's remaining judgment as to the award of damages therein and remand with instructions that the trial court grant one of the following forms of relief, at the option of the Watsons:
1. Amend its judgment to award the Watsons no damages, but retain the award to them of title to Ronald's personal property. This relief shall be subject to Ronald's right to request in writing within 30 days of notice of the amendment of the judgment a commercially reasonable sale of the personal property awarded to the Watsons. If Ronald properly requests such a sale, it shall be held with the proceeds therefrom applied first to the Watsons' expenses of retaking the property and preparing it for sale and to the expenses of the sale, then $833.32 to the Watsons, and the remainder to Ronald.
2. Or, enter judgment for the Watsons, and against Ronald in the amount of $833.32 and costs, but not awarding the Watsons title to Ronald's personal property — against which the Watsons may enforce their judgment by writ of execution pursuant to Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 69.
3. Or, grant the Watsons a new trial against Ronald on the issue of damages.
Judgment affirmed as to Ronald's liability but reversed as to Opal and the amount of damages awarded to the Watsons.
Robertson, C.J. and Lybrook, J., concur.
NOTE. — Reported at 359 N.E.2d 615.