Opinion
Decided March 4, 1930.
In a case where a highway was so narrow at one point that travelers meeting there were forced to drive in the ditch, a culvert may be found to be defective, within the meaning of P. L., c. 89, ss. 1-12, when a capstone projecting twelve inches above the bottom of the ditch was maintained within the limits of customary travel. In such action the burden of showing contributory negligence is upon the defendant and is not sustained by mere absence of evidence as to inquiries on the part of a passenger as to the qualifications or experience of the driver he employed; nor by mere evidence of the driver's negligence on the occasion of the accident, nor by mere absence of evidence as to the passenger's conduct as respects remonstration or objection to the driver's conduct just before the accident. Where the burden of proving contributory negligence is upon the defendant and the evidence thereon would not support a verdict for the defendant, that issue should be withdrawn from the jury. A question not raised at the trial and presented for the first time on exception will not be considered. The statement of counsel in argument that after the highway accident in suit the defendant town was "ordered . . . to widen the road and take out that big rock by the state engineer. It was dangerous" was not objectionable as an argument of admission of fault by subsequent repair. If this statement be regarded as an assertion of the reason for giving the order it was not equivalent to an assertion that the town admitted its prior fault by complying with the order. A positive statement by the driver of an automobile as to the cause of an accident is evidence upon that question, notwithstanding the fact that it appears to be based upon subsequent examination of the ground rather than upon observation at the precise time of the occurrence.
CASE, under the highway statute (P. L., c. 89, ss. 1-12) for causing the death of John Bailey, the plaintiff's intestate. Trial by jury and verdict for the plaintiff. Transferred by Sawyer, C. J. upon the defendant's exceptions to the denial of its motions for a nonsuit and a directed verdict, to the allowance of a portion of the argument for the plaintiff and to an instruction withdrawing from the jury the question of due care on the part of the decedent.
There was evidence from which the following facts might be found. John Bailey was killed shortly after midnight on August 7, 1926, when the automobile in which he was riding tipped over upon the highway leading from Sugar Hill to Lisbon in the defendant town. The car was being driven at the time by one Desrocher and was occupied by two other passengers besides the deceased. The road was down hill and winding, and the accident happened upon a curve at the narrowest place in the road. At this point the roadway was narrower than just above or just below, because a high bank jutted out on the right. The culvert in question was located on the curve at the foot of this bank. From the inside capstone of the culvert to the railing on the other side of the road was eleven feet, while the macadam surface was only nine feet in width. At the right of the highway facing in the direction of Lisbon there was a shallow gutter or ditch for the purpose of carrying water to the culvert. The slope from the road to the bottom of the ditch was gradual and, in turning out for cars coming up the hill, travelers going down were accustomed to travel in the ditch. The town officials had knowledge of this fact. The road was so narrow that it would be difficult for two cars to pass in any other way. The capstone of the culvert was about twelve inches thick and was set flush with the bank above referred to. At the point where the ditch entered the culvert there was a drop of twelve inches from the top of the stone to the bottom of the ditch, so that, if a car were traveling in the ditch, it would have to swing to the left to get by the culvert or it would hit the capstone.
As he approached the place of the accident, Desrocher observed the lights of an approaching car. He was, at this time, driving at a speed of 20 to 25 miles an hour, but when about 30 feet from the culvert, he slowed down to 15 or 20 miles an hour, and commenced to turn out to pass the other car, so that his right wheels were traveling in the ditch. As the other car came around the curve, its lights flashed in Desrocher's face and blinded him. The right hub cap of Desrocher's car grazed the bank for a few feet, but, when about four feet from the culvert, he commenced to steer back into the road. Just as the other car passed, the front wheel of Desrocher's car struck an obstruction, which Desrocher and one of his passengers said was the capstone of the culvert. The steering wheel was thereby twisted from Desrocher's hand, the front wheels turned to the right, the car ran about three feet up the bank and eleven feet forward until it struck a projecting stump and tipped over. Defendant's evidence tended to show that Desrocher's car started to climb the bank before it reached the culvert.
Other facts appear in the opinion.
Murchie, Murchie Blandin and Clark B. Frost (Messrs. Alexander and Robert C. Murchie orally), for the plaintiff.
George W. Pike, Fred S. Wright, Jewett Jewett and Robert W. Upton (Mr. Upton orally), for the defendant.
I. In support of its motions for a nonsuit and a directed verdict, the defendant makes two contentions, (1) that the culvert was not shown to have been the cause of the accident, and (2) that it was in no way defective.
In regard to the first proposition, defendant argues that although Desrocher testified that the steering wheel was twisted from his hand when the automobile struck the capstone, he saw nothing and could not possibly know what it struck; that the automobile also struck a stump and "it is just as probable that the steering wheel was twisted from his hands by the stump as by the stone." It cannot be said as a matter of law that this argument is conclusive. Desrocher's testimony was clearly to the effect that the steering wheel was twisted from his hands before the car climbed the bank. He testified definitely that he struck the capstone and that this was what took the wheel out of his hands. It may well be that in making this statement the witness gave his conclusion as to the cause of the accident rather than the results of his actual observation at the time it occurred, but it appeared to have a reasonable foundation in subsequent inspection and furnished some evidence of the fact. Upon this point he testified as follows: "Q. Until you struck this rock, did you know what it was? A. I didn't know it when I did. Q. After the accident did you look around there? A. Yes, I looked around there and saw it was the rock. Q. How did you know? A. Because that was the only thing there that could have turned the wheel out of my hands." There was also evidence of marks on the capstone tending to corroborate this version of the occurrence and, upon all the evidence, the question of the cause of accident was plainly for the jury.
In support of its contention that the culvert was not shown to have been defective, the defendant argues that, "The only defect claimed in this culvert seems to be that the top of the culvert was higher than the ditch. This could not be avoided." This does not fairly state the position of the plaintiff. While it was obviously necessary that the top of the culvert should be somewhat higher than the bottom of the ditch, there is no evidence that it was necessary to use as a capstone a rock 12 inches thick or that it should have been placed within the customary line of travel. Since the town saw fit to maintain a highway so narrow that travelers, in passing, were forced to make use of the ditch, it might well be found that due care required that the ditch be kept free from obstructions of this kind. Stated in another way, it may be said that the culvert was too short in view of the fact that the ditch served as a wheel-rut. Since the ditch was maintained as a part of the traveled way, it would be permissible to conclude that the culvert should have been extended to fit this situation. Inadequate length with reference to the width of a traveled road may constitute as serious a defect in a culvert as excessive height above the surface. See Chapman v. Lee, 80 N.H. 484, 491. If the town was not in a position to undertake the task of widening the road, this particular danger might have been obviated by excavating into the bank and setting the capstone further out beyond the line of invited travel. The problem of providing an entrance for water from the ditch would not seem to present very serious engineering difficulties. If the size and location of the capstone unnecessarily increased the danger of injury to travelers who might be forced to drive in the ditch, a finding of negligence would be justified. Duteny v. Company, ante, 65; Caldon v. Company, 75 N.H. 532, 533.
II. The first position taken by the defendant with reference to its contention that the court erred in withdrawing the question of the decedent's due care from the jury is as follows: "It could be found that Desrocher as an operator was careless and incompetent, and that Bailey was negligent in taking passage with him" without investigation as to his qualifications. Since the statute makes contributory negligence a matter of defence in such a case as this and places the burden of proving it on the defendant, (P. L., c. 328, s. 13) it is obvious that some tangible evidence of contributory fault must be introduced before the question can be submitted to the jury. The burden of proof cannot be sustained by silence. In view of this requirement, defendant's argument fails for two reasons, first, there is no evidence that Bailey did not investigate Desrocher's qualifications as an operator, second, there is no evidence that inquiries, if made, would have disclosed any fact which would have led a prudent person to refuse passage in his car.
The following assertion appears in defendant's brief: "Desrocher testified: `He (Bailey) asked me to take him to Lisbon. He was going to work in the morning on the dam.' . . . It thus appears that Bailey made no inquiry in regard to Desrocher's qualifications or experience as a driver before he left with Desrocher." This is a non sequitur. There is nothing in the testimony to indicate that Desrocher undertook to report the whole of his conversation with Bailey, but if it be assumed that it was all included in the foregoing testimony, the only inference to be drawn from it would be that Bailey made no inquiry from Desrocher as to his, Desrocher's, qualifications. Non constat that he did not make inquiries from other people.
There was evidence that Desrocher was, at the time of the accident, a licensed driver and had been for six years. The only testimony relied upon by the defendant in support of its assertion "that Desrocher as an operator was careless and incompetent," is the evidence of his conduct at the time of the accident. Obviously no ex post facto conclusion as to his qualifications based upon this testimony could be used to charge the deceased with negligence in accepting him as a driver. The case is bare of evidence as to Desrocher's previous conduct or his reputation for care and skill as driver.
The further contention of the defendant that "the evidence would also warrant a finding that Bailey did not exercise reasonable care for his own safety on the way down the hill," fails for similar reasons. The evidence is silent as to what Bailey did immediately before the accident. He occupied one of the rear seats in the automobile and if he had observed any carelessness in Desrocher's method of driving, he could hardly have done more than remonstrate. So far as the evidence is concerned, he may have done that. The fact of the matter is that the issue of the decedent's care was not seriously contested at the trial, and the silence of the evidence on this point would not justify a finding that he was negligent. Herein lies the distinction between the case at bar and those from other jurisdictions cited by the defendant, i.e. Maidman v. Rose, 253 Mass. 594; Wappler v. Schenck, 178 Wis. 632; Sharp v. Sproat, 111 Kan. 735; Chiswell v. Nichols, 137 Md. 291; Hardie v. Barrett, 257 Pa. St. 42. In every one of these cases there was direct testimony as to the conduct of the injured party immediately prior to the accident, and the issue of contributory negligence was actually contested at the trial.
Since the evidence would not have supported a verdict for the defendant on the issue of contributory negligence, it was proper to withdraw that issue from the consideration of the jury. Boston Maine Railroad v. Sargent, 72 N.H. 455, 466; State v. Harrington, 69 N.H. 496, 497.
III. During the course of the argument of plaintiff's counsel to the jury, the defendant was allowed an exception as appears in the following excerpt from the record. Mr. Murchie, arguing: "Mr. Jewett said in his argument that he could see no reason for the town maintaining the road in that spot narrower than it was above and below. But they were ordered, so Mr. Jesseman said, to widen the road and take out that big rock by the state engineer — it was dangerous. Mr. Pike: We except. The Court: To what statement do you except? Mr. Pike: That the town was ordered to take out that rock and widen the road because it was dangerous. Mr. Murchie: What he said was that he was ordered to widen the road by the engineer, and we say that it was a dangerous situation there, as appears from the evidence."
The following instruction was given to the jury: "You will not consider the fact that changes have been made in the highway and culvert at the place of the accident any evidence of admission on the part of the town that the prior condition was due to their negligence."
Subject to the defendant's exception the trial court made a finding that "the statement in argument was harmless."
The substance of the defendant's argument `with reference to this exception appears in the following quotation from its brief. "To prove that the culvert was dangerous and unsafe at the time of the accident plaintiff's counsel was using the evidence of subsequent repairs. This evidence was incompetent for that purpose. Aldrich v. Railroad, 67 N.H. 250." This is not the ground of exception which was stated at the trial. When the court inquired "To what statement do you except?" counsel for the defendant replied, "That the town was ordered to take out that rock and widen the road because it was dangerous." If the language used by plaintiff's counsel was susceptible of this construction, it still had reference only to the reason which led to the giving of the order and did not assert an admission of negligence on the part of the town by making these repairs. Even as construed by defendant's counsel at the trial the argument could only mean that the state engineer ordered the town to widen the road and remove the rock because he considered it dangerous. The reasons which actuated the engineer in giving the order, however, may have been entirely at variance with those which prompted the town officials to carry it out. If the giving of the order indicated that in his judgment the road was dangerous, it would still be a matter of conjecture whether the compliance of the town with the order indicated anything more than submission to superior authority without concurrence in the correctness of this judgment. Consequently an assertion as to the reason for giving the order was not equivalent to an assertion that the town admitted its prior fault by complying with the order, which is the only kind of an argument that would offend the rule laid down in Aldrich v. Railroad, supra. The question argued here was not raised at the trial and, in accordance with the rule enunciated in Tuttle v. Dodge, 80 N.H. 304, will not now be considered.
Judgment on the verdict.
All concurred.