Opinion
Civil Action No. 13–1203 ESH
02-19-2015
Henry Paul Richardson, Plaintiff, v. United States of America, Defendant.
Henry Paul Richardson, Pine Knot, KY, pro se. Rafique Omar Anderson, Robert N. Englund, U.S. Attorney's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendant.
Henry Paul Richardson, Pine Knot, KY, pro se.
Rafique Omar Anderson, Robert N. Englund, U.S. Attorney's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE, United States District Judge
Plaintiff Henry Paul Richardson, proceeding pro se, brings this action against the United States of America under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. Before the Court is defendant's motion for summary judgment (Def.'s Motion for Summary Judgment, July 17, 2014 [ECF No. 21] (“Def.'s SJ Mot.”)), which plaintiff has opposed (Pl.'s Opp. to Def.'s SJ Mot., Oct. 23, 2014 [ECF No. 29] ), and plaintiff's motions for a continuance, for discovery and to amend the complaint. (Pl.'s Mot. for Continuance Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56(F) /And Stay the Proceeding Giving the Plaintiff A[n] Opportunity to Amend the Complaint in the Interest of Justice, Sept. 29, 2014 [ECF No. 26]; Pl.'s Mot. Requesting for Discovery Under Fed. Rules of Civil P. Rule 56(f), Sept. 29, 2014 [ECF No. 27]; Pl.'s Mot. to Amend the Compl. Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 15, October 6, 2014 [ECF No. 28].) For the reasons stated herein, defendant's motion for summary judgment will be granted in part and denied in part and plaintiffs' motions will be denied.
BACKGROUND
In May 2011, plaintiff submitted a FOIA request for records to the Executive Office of United States Attorneys. (Compl., Ex. 1 [ECF No. 1].) His request sought all records from the United States Attorney's Office in the Eastern District of Virginia bearing the names “Henry Paul Richardson,” “Henry Richardson,” and “alias name(s) ‘Packer’ and ‘Packa,’ ” including, inter alia, “all surveillance pictures.” (Id. )
In September 2011, plaintiff was informed that the EOUSA had located responsive records, but that he would have to pay a fee of $56.00 to have the search completed as the search would exceed the two free hours of search time allotted to each FOIA request. (Def.'s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Support of Def.'s SJ Mot. ¶ 3, July 17, 2014 [ECF No. 21–1] (“Def.'s Facts”).) Plaintiff paid the fee in October 2011 (id. ¶ 4); thereafter, he sent several letters inquiring about the status of his request. (Compl., Exs. 2–3; Def.'s Facts ¶¶ 5–6.) In August 2013, having received no records or other substantiveresponse, he filed the above-captioned case asking the Court to order the EOUSA to respond to his FOIA request. (See Compl. at 3.)
In March 2014, defendant informed the Court that the EOUSA had completed its search and located over 2000 pages of potentially responsive documents. (See Def.'s Mot. for Enlargement of Time In Order to Allow Pl. an Opportunity to Respond to Fee Request Letter at 1, Mar. 14, 2014 [ECF No. 13]; Supp. Decl. of David Luczynski ¶ 2, July 16, 2014 [ECF No. 21–4].) The EOUSA initially released 100 pages to plaintiff, the amount he was entitled to without paying any fees, and informed him that he would have to agree to copying fees of $.10 per page for additional pages. (Def.'s Facts ¶ 8.) After plaintiff paid the fee, the EOUSA processed the remaining records. (Def.'s Facts ¶ 9.) It determined that there were 1240 responsive pages, out of which it released 22 pages in full, released 1 page in part, and withheld 1217 pages in full, relying on various combinations of FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, 6, and 7(C). (Def.'s Facts ¶ 9; Luczynski Supp. Decl. ¶ 3.)
On February 11, 2014, defendant moved for additional time to respond to the complaint in order to allow it to complete its search for responsive documents. (Def.'s Mot. for Enlargement of Time at 2, Feb. 11, 2014 [ECF No. 12].) The Court granted the motion. (Minute Order, Feb. 11, 2014.)
Plaintiff initially sought a fee waiver (see Pl.'s Mot. for Waiver of Fee, Apr. 8, 2014 [ECF No. 15] ), but withdrew the request after a member of his family paid the fee. (See Pl.'s Supplemental Mem. re Mot. for Waiver of Fee, May, 19, 2014 [ECF No. 18].)
Defendant moves for summary judgment on the ground that its response to plaintiff's request has satisfied its obligations under the FOIA. Its motion is supported by two declarations from David Luczynski, an attorney-advisor at the EOUSA, and a Vaughn index that describes the withheld records and identifies the FOIA exemptions the EOUSA is relying on to justify its withholdings. Plaintiff has filed an opposition challenging defendant's production as incomplete, along with motions for a continuance, for discovery and to amend the complaint.
ANALYSIS
I. DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
A. Legal Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a) ; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) ; Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). On “summary judgment the inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts ... must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) ; Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Secret Serv., 726 F.3d 208, 215 (D.C.Cir.2013). Where, as here, a plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court has “an obligation to construe pro se filings liberally.” Toolasprashad v. Bureau of Prisons, 286 F.3d 576, 583 (D.C.Cir.2002) ; Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520–21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972).
“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” See, e.g., Higgins v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 919 F.Supp.2d 131, 139 (D.D.C.2013) (internal quotations omitted). To obtain summary judgment, a defendant agency must establish that it has conducted an adequate search for responsive records, that each responsive record that it has located either has been produced to the plaintiff or is exempt from disclosure, and that it has not withheld any reasonably segregable information. See Weisberg v. Dep't of Justice, 627 F.2d 365, 368 (D.C.Cir.1980) ; Elec. Frontier Found. v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 739 F.3d 1, 12 (D.C.Cir.2014). “[S]ummary judgment may be granted on the basis of agency affidavits if they contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory statements, and if they are not called into question by contradictory evidence in the record or by evidence of agency bad faith.”Halperin v. CIA, 629 F.2d 144, 148 (D.C.Cir.1980).
B. The Adequacy of EOUSA's Search for Responsive Records
Defendant moves for summary judgment with respect to the adequacy of its search for responsive records. According to defendant, the “FOIA Contact” in the United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Virginia “searched for records physically,” “sent e-mails to the appropriate staff to ascertain whether they had any responsive records,” and used its “Legal Information Network System (LIONS),” “the computer system used by United States Attorneys' offices to track cases and to retrieve files pertaining to cases and investigations,” to search for responsive records. (Decl. of David Luczynski ¶ 12, Mar. 13, 2014 [ECF No. 21–3].) All responsive records were located in the “Criminal Case File System (Justice/USA–007), which was “searched for records relating to [plaintiff's] arrest and criminal case.” (Id. ¶ 13.)
An agency has conducted an adequate search under the FOIA if “it can demonstrate beyond material doubt that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’ ” Valencia–Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C.Cir.1999) (quoting Truitt v. Dep't of State, 897 F.2d 540, 542 (D.C.Cir.1990) (quoting Weisberg v. Dep't of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C.Cir.1983) )). To meet this burden, the agency must submit a “reasonably detailed affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep't of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C.Cir.1990). The agency's affidavits need not “set forth with meticulous documentation the details of an epic search for the requested records,” Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C.Cir.1982), but if “the record leaves substantial doubt as to the sufficiency of the search, summary judgment for the agency is not proper.” Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542 ; see also Plunkett v. Dep't of Justice, 924 F.Supp.2d 289, 298 (D.D.C.2013) (denying summary judgment for defendant because “a factual dispute existed as to the adequacy of EOUSA's search”). “The adequacy of the search ... ‘is judged by a standard of reasonableness and depends, not surprisingly, upon the facts of each case.’ ” Steinberg v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C.Cir.1994) (quoting Weisberg v. Dep't of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C.Cir.1984) ).
Plaintiff has challenged the adequacy of defendant's search by asserting that it has failed to produce all responsive documents. Specifically, according to plaintiff, the pages that were released to him include “still photos” of “portions” of the surveillance videotape from February 14, 2006, including pictures of “the Minivan that was involved in the shooting,” but “[t]he other portion of the video tape when the murder occurred was not produced and was not identified as withheld pursuant to any FOIA exemption.” (Pl.'s Aff. ¶ 2.) Generally, an “agency's failure to turn up a particular document, or mere speculation that as yet uncovered documents might exist, does not undermine the determination that the agency conducted an adequate search for the requested records.” Wilbur v. C.I.A. , 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C.Cir.2004) ; SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1201 ; Steinberg v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 23 F.3d at 552 ; Weisberg v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 745 F.2d at 1485 (relevant question “is not whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for those documents was adequate ”). On the other hand, “positive indications of overlooked materials” may create “substantial doubts ... about the caliber of [the agency's] search.” Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. Nat'l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 837 (D.C.Cir.1979) ; see also Friends of Blackwater v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 391 F.Supp.2d 115, 120–21 (D.D.C.2005) (failure to find particular documents known to have originated in the agency's director's office “casts ‘substantial doubt’ on the sufficiency of the search of that office” (quoting Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542 ) and “calls into question whether the search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents' ” (quoting Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351 )).
In the present case, viewing the record “in the light most favorable to the requester,” Steinberg v. DOJ, 23 F.3d at 551, there is uncontroverted evidence that defendant released only a partial set of pictures from the February 14, 2006 videotape. (See Pl.'s Aff. ¶ 2.) Defendant perhaps has an explanation for why it did not locate or release a complete set of pictures, but no such explanation has been provided to the Court. It did not file a reply, and neither its declarations nor the Vaughn index even mentions videotape pictures, much less describes how or where defendant found the pictures that it did release. Although the adequacy of an agency's search is not generally judged by its results, the unexplained absence of responsive documents whose existence the agency does not deny goes beyond mere speculation and calls the reasonableness of the agency's search into question. Under these circumstances, the Court concludes that defendant has failed to establish that the agency conducted an adequate search. Accordingly, its motion for summary judgment will be denied insofar as there remains a question as to the adequacy of defendant's search for the still photos associated with the February 14, 2006 videotapes.
C. Withholding of Responsive Records Pursuant to FOIA Exemptions
Defendant also moves for summary judgment with respect to its assertion of FOIA exemptions to justify its withholding of responsive records. If exemptions from disclosure are claimed, “[t]he agency bears the burden of showing that a claimed exemption applies.” Elec. Frontier Found. v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 739 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C.Cir.2014) ; Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec. , No. 14–5013, 777 F.3d 518, 522, 2015 WL 525183, at *3 (D.C.Cir. Feb. 10, 2015). Summary judgment is warranted when the agency's affidavits “describe the documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Elec. Frontier Found., 739 F.3d at 7 (internal quotations omitted); Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.Cir.1981). In addition, if a record is withheld in full, “the agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’ for its non-segregability,” Johnson v. Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C.Cir.2002) ; Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, 97 F.3d 575, 578–579 (D.C.Cir.1996), unless the withheld record is, by definition, wholly exempt from disclosure. See Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Dep't of Justice, 432 F.3d 366, 371 (D.C.Cir.2005). Relying on FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, 6, and 7(C), defendant has withheld 1217 pages of records in full, which it treats as 14 “documents” in its Vaughn index. (See generally Vaughn Index.) As explained infra, Exemption 5 justifies defendant's withholding of Documents 1–10, 13 and 14, while Exemption 7(C) justifies its withholding of Documents 11 and 12, obviating the need for the Court to address defendant's reliance on FOIA Exemptions 3 or 6.
1. Exemption 5
Defendant asserts that FOIA Exemption 5 protects Documents 1–10, 13, and 14 (all but 21 pages of the withheld pages) from disclosure. FOIA Exemption (b)(5) protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). “To qualify [for withholding under Exemption 5], a document must ... satisfy two conditions: its source must be a Government agency, and it must fall within the ambit of a privilege against discovery under judicial standards that would govern litigation against the agency that holds it.” Dep't of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass'n, 532 U.S. 1, 8, 121 S.Ct. 1060, 149 L.Ed.2d 87 (2001). The three primary privileges incorporated into Exemption (b)(5) are “attorney work-product privilege,” “attorney-client privilege,” and the “deliberative process privilege.” See NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. , 421 U.S. 132, 149–55, 95 S.Ct. 1504, 44 L.Ed.2d 29 (1975). Defendant relies on both the attorney-work product and deliberative process components of Exemption 5.
According to defendant, the withheld records are attorney work product because they were “prepared by or at the request or direction of an attorney, and made in anticipation of, or during litigation” and consist of “information related to trial preparation, trial strategy, interpretations, and personal evaluations and opinions pertinent to plaintiff's criminal case.” (Supp. Luczynski Decl ¶ 12.) The Vaughn index provides additional detail, describing these documents as including an internal memoranda to the Assistant Attorney General, attorney notes, drafts of possible court filings (e.g., declarations, stipulations, motions and exhibit lists), letters among counsel, emails between attorneys and staff, an affidavit prepared by an attorney explaining legal issues, and proposed jury instructions, all pertaining to plaintiff's criminal case. (See Vaughn Index at 1–12.)
Plaintiff does not challenge defendant's withholding of these records, and the Court is satisfied by defendant's declarations and Vaughn index that these records have been properly withheld as attorney work product. In addition, there is no segregability analysis to perform because “[b]y definition, a document that is withheld as attorney work product is properly withheld in full.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Dep't of Justice, 432 F.3d 366, 372 (D.C.Cir.2005) (“because the emails at issue in this case are attorney work product, the entire contents of these documents–i.e., facts, law, opinions, and analysis–are exempt from disclosure under FOIA”); Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607, 620 (D.C.Cir.1997) (“[a]ny part of [a document] prepared in anticipation of litigation, not just the portions concerning opinions, legal theories, and the like, is protected by the work[-]product doctrine and falls under Exemption 5”). Accordingly, the Court will grant summary judgment to defendant on its claim to have properly withheld Documents 110, 13 and 14 pursuant to Exemption 5.
Having reached this conclusion, the Court will not address defendant's claim that these documents may also be protected, in whole or in part, by the deliberative process privilege component of Exemption 5.
2. Exemption 7(C)
For the two remaining documents, Documents 11 and 12, defendant asserts that FOIA Exemption 7(C) protects them from disclosure. FOIA Exemption 7(C) applies to materials compiled for law enforcement purposes, the disclosure of which “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). To decide whether this exemption applies, a court must “balance[s] the privacy interests that would be compromised by disclosure against the public interest in release of the requested information.” Davis v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1281 (D.C.Cir.1992).
Defendant also asserts that Exemption 7(C) exempts Documents 2,–8, 10–12, and 14 from disclosure, but the Court need only consider its claim as to Documents 11 and 12 as it has already approved defendant's withholding of the other documents pursuant to Exemption 5.
The first document at issue (Document 11) is 20 pages long and described by defendant as “[d]ocuments containing information about the victim” that “contain personal information relating to the victim's family, names, addresses, medical forms, as well as coroner's report describing the injuries sustained by ... victim.” (Vaughn Index at 9.) The second document at issue (Document 12) is a single page, described by defendant as a “[d]ocument from the Richmond Police Department titled ‘Lineup ID Report’ ” that “contains names and ID numbers of third party individuals used in the lineup.” (Vaughn Index at 10.)
Plaintiff does not challenge defendant's withholding of these records, and the Court is satisfied by defendant's declarations and Vaughn index that these records include information that has been properly withheld pursuant to Exemption 7(C). The issue of segregability, though, poses a problem. Defendant makes no representation as to whether it considered segregability in terms of Exemption 7(C), and the descriptions of the documents lack the detail necessary for the Court to conduct its own segregability analysis. Accordingly, the Court will deny summary judgment to defendant on its claim to have properly withheld Documents 11 and 12 in their entirety pending its submission of a description with sufficient detail to establish either that all of the information in these documents is exempt from disclosure or that there is no reasonably segregable non-exempt information or, in the alternative, submission of the documents themselves for in camera review.
The Vaughn index includes a statement about segregability for these documents, but only in the context of Exemption 5, which defendant does not claim as a basis for withholding them.
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II. PLAINTIFF'S MOTIONS
Plaintiff's motions all stem from the same issue he raised in opposition to defendant's motion for summary judgment: that the EOUSA failed to locate and release all of the still photo images from the February 14, 2006 surveillance camera videotapes in response to his FOIA request. He contends that because these images should have been, but were not, disclosed to his criminal defense attorney, the Court should delay ruling on defendant's motion for summary judgment so that he can conduct discovery in order for defendant to explain why it has released only partial pictures (see Pl.'s Mot. for Continuance at 3; Pl.'s Mot. for Discovery ¶ 1), and allow him to amend his complaint to seek compensatory damage for defendant's violation of his constitutional rights.” (Pl.'s Mot. to Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2–3.) As addressed above, plaintiff's contention about the missing still photos, in light of the existing record in this case, raises a question as to the adequacy of the EOUSA's search. It does not, however, justify the other relief plaintiff seeks. Plaintiff is reminded that a FOIA action is limited in scope. The FOIA only authorizes suit against federal agencies for the improper withholding of records and provides the requester with the potential for injunctive relief only. See Johnson v. Executive Office for United States Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 777 (D.C.Cir.2002) ; Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 150, 100 S.Ct. 960, 63 L.Ed.2d 267 (1980). It does not provide jurisdiction over constitutional claims arising from the handling of a FOIA request. Johnson, 310 F.3d at 777. Nor does it require agencies to “conduct research by answer[ing] questions disguised as a FOIA request.” Nat'l Sec. Counselors v. C.I.A. , 898 F.Supp.2d 233, 269 (D.D.C.2012) (internal quotations omitted); Zemansky v. U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 767 F.2d 569, 574 (9th Cir.1985) or provide explanatory materials, see NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 162 (1975), serve as a “ ‘substitute for criminal discovery,’ ” Boehm v. F.B.I., 948 F.Supp.2d 9, 29 (D.D.C.2013) (quoting Williams & Connolly v. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 662 F.3d 1240, 1245 (D.C.Cir.2011), or provide a requester particular documents for the purpose of attacking his criminal conviction, see Richardson v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 730 F.Supp.2d 225, 234 (D.D.C.2010) (“FOIA confers ... no entitlement” to “information that would have been available to [plaintiff] during the criminal proceedings”). Accordingly, plaintiff's motions are without merit.
CONCLUSION
As explained above, defendant has established demonstrated that it properly claimed exemptions from release pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5 and 7(C), but it has not established the adequacy of its search or that all reasonably segregable information has been released with respect to its withholding of Documents 11 and 12 pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(C). Accordingly, defendant's motion for summary judgment will be granted in part and denied in part without prejudice to its renewal. Plaintiff's motions will be denied. A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.